How Useful is Bakhtin’s Concept of Carnival?

Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895-1975) was Russian philosophist, literary critic and the theorist of art. He is a representative of Russian Structuralism and his historical and theoretical researches on epic and novel literature are important for understanding of the cultural development. Mikhail Bakhtin was one of the first theorists who investigated the polyphonic form of the novel ( «Problems of Dostoyevsky's Poetics », 1929) and folk â€Å"laughing† culture of the Medieval Ages ( «Rabelais and his World, 1965).He is also an author of the essays  «The issues of literature and esthetics » (1975) and â€Å"On the philosophy of the act† (1986). He was the first who use the concepts of dialogism (The Dialogic Imagination) and heteroglossia, the carnivalesque and chronotope in the literary critique. Bakhtin’s concepts are very useful for explanation of the nature of the genre of the novel. The â€Å"dialogism† and â€Å"heteroglossia† invo lve a special â€Å"multivoiced use of language†. The concept of the novelistic â€Å"chronotope† describes historical aspects of literary sources; it uses specified and differentiated time and space for the plot.The present essay is devoted to the concept of â€Å"the carnivalesque†. Bakhtin considers that novels â€Å"can be described as inspired by a laughing truth, indebted to parodic genres and to the spirit of carnival†. Bakhtin was interesting in Rabelaisian work since 1930s. His first work about this Renaissance writer was  «Francois Rabelais in the history of the realism » (1940). This work appeared in the time when Soviet ideology admitted concepts of the realism and the national character. Bakhtin adopted these categories and proposed the concept of carnivalesque.He suggested that low humor culture of Medieval Ages and Renaissance was a power folk opposition to the official values and government. The characteristic of folk low humor, the â €Å"life of the belly† was accepted as the main source of Rabelais book and became a discovery in the critique on medieval literature and, particularly, Rabelais creative work. It was the first publication about the philosophy of laugh. The theory of carnivalesque was developed not only for the explanation of local historical fact but as a universal phenomenon of the world culture.Bakhtin’s idea about  «carnivalization » of literature was developed in other works, but the first record of this theory appeared in the second edition of the monograph on Dostoyevsky. After the Second World War, in 1946 Bakhtin tried to defend theses in the Institute of World Literature (Moscow). The subject of his theses was the creative work of Rabelais. But in Stalin epoch his dissertation was rejected (Bakhtin received the degree of candidate of science (the lowest scientific degree in Russia) only in 1952) and they prohibited publishing the text of the dissertation about Rabelais.Mi khail Bakhtin published the book â€Å"Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kul’tura srednevekovia i Renessansa† (The creative work of Francois Rabelais and the popular culture of the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance more known as Rabelais and his World) only in 1965. In the next couple years this book was translated in foreign languages (English translation by Helene Iswolsky was published in Cambridge, MA: M. I. T. Press, in 1968) and it opened the epoch of Bakhtin’s influence on the Russian and world humanistic thought.The central esthetic idea of Rabelais and his World is â€Å"grotesque realism†. Rabelais created images of the grotesque body; he emphasized the features of â€Å"lower bodily strata†. The grotesque body is opened to the world, his physiology is not hidden, and this body degrades and regenerates actively. â€Å"In grotesque realism†¦ the bodily element is deeply positive. It is presented not in a private, egoistic form, s evered from other spheres of life, but as something universal, representing all the people.As such it is opposed to severance from the material and bodily roots of the world; it makes no pretense to renunciation of the earthy, or independence of the earth and the body. We repeat: the body and bodily life have here a cosmic and at the same time an all-people's character; this is not the body and its physiology in the modern sense of these words, because it is not individualized. The material bodily principle is contained not in the biological individual, not in the bourgeois ego, but in the people, a people who are continually growing and renewed†¦.This exaggeration has a positive, assertive character. The leading themes of these images of bodily life are fertility, growth, and a brimming-over abundance. Manifestations of this life refer not to the isolated biological individual, not to the private, egotistic ‘economic man,' but to the collective ancestral body of all the people† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, p. 19). Bakhtin found the Renaissance was a period of the benign balance between destructive and regenerative features of grotesque realism. He wrote:â€Å"The essence of the grotesque is precisely to present a contradictory and double-faced fullness of life. Negation and destruction (death of the old) are included as an essential phase, inseparable from affirmation, from the birth of something new and better. The very material bodily lower stratum of the grotesque image (food, wine, the genital force, the organs of the body) bears a deeply positive character. This principle is victorious, for the final result is always abundance, increase† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, chapter 1, p. 62).Mikhail Bakhtin emphasized an opposition between the low popular culture and the official culture of the later middle Ages and early Renaissance. The official culture use static stratified model of the world. Unofficial culture is a culture of Carnival. The etymology of the word â€Å"Carnival† is enough sophisticated. The word is derivated from Italian carnevale, alteration of earlier carnelevare, literally, removal of meat, from carne flesh (from Latin carn-, caro) + levare (from Latin to remove, to raise). Another explanation finds roots of the Carnival in Ancient mysteries.They derivate word â€Å"Carnival† from â€Å"carrus-navalis† (the chariot-ship) of Roman religious ceremonies. Carnival concentrates the contrasts of folk culture and shows the chaotic and imperfect nature of the world. An individual of the middle Ages lived two lives: one that was the official life (church, social duties etc), another was the carnival life filled in with burlesque and low humor. The novel of Rabelais shows how the popular culture liberated the society and how the conventionalities were destroyed in the contact with the reality of the modern era.Bakhtin sees Rabelais not only as a novelist but â€Å"his wor k embodies a whole new philosophy of history, in which the world is viewed in the process of becoming† (Bakhtin’s cycle, 2004). In the Prologue to Rabelais and His World Michael Holquist wrote: â€Å"Bakhtin's carnival, surely the most productive concept in this book, is not only not an impediment to revolutionary change, it is revolution itself. Carnival must not be confused with mere holiday or, least of all, with self-serving festivals fostered by governments, secular or theocratic.The sanction for carnival derives ultimately not from a calendar prescribed by church or state, but from a force that preexists priests and kings and to whose superior power they are actually deferring when they appear to be licensing carnival. † (Michael Holquist, â€Å"Prologue,† Rabelais and His World) The carnival of the adventures of Pantagruel is not similar to the modern carnival. The Renaissance cultures understand the carnival as the â€Å"temporary suspension of al l hierarchic distinctions and barriers among men †¦ and of the prohibitions of usual life.†(Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World p. 15). The Renaissance Carnival is unusual world where festive pleasure and philosophy exists contemporarily. It is topsyturvy world, the world of the primary chaos. Bakhtin proposed the semiotic theory of the carnival, the theory of the carnivalizing of quotidian life. The central idea of the concept of carnivalizing or carnivalesque is an â€Å"inversion of binary contraposition† – replacing official values with low folk culture. When people came to the carnival square than all routine ideas and their oppositions of Christianity change each other.The King of Carnival is a pauper or fool (trickster). Everybody does honor to him. There is a Carnival bishop and Christianic sanctuaries could be desecrated. The top became the bottom, the head – the genitals (low body). Females and males switch their places. Billingsgate and devout phrases change each other. Everything was subject of top down imposition. Why? Bakhtin found roots of the carnival in the agrarian cults of pre-Christianic culture. Carnivalizing â€Å"makes it possible to extend the narrow sense of life† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World p. 177).The aspiration of carnival is to uncover, undermine – even destroy, the hegemony of any ideology that seeks to have the final word about the world, and also to renew, to shed light upon life, the meanings it harbours, to elucidate potentials; projecting, as it does an alternate conceptualisation of reality. Dialogism is a fundamental aspect of the carnival – a plurality of ‘fully valid consciousnesses' (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 9), Baktin used the concept of the dialogism as a necessary condition of the understanding: â€Å"Two voices is the minimum for life, the minimum for existence† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 252).The carnival papered over the differe nces between the social strata. â€Å"Carnival is the place for working out a new mode of interrelationship between individuals . . . People who in life are separated by impenetrable hierarchical barriers enter into free and familiar contact on the carnival square† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 123). Today the elements of carnivalesque are inherent for some ethnic groups, e. g. Bantu tribe. Traditions of European carnival culture flourish in Latin America, in particular in Brazil. (It’s interesting, that so popular in the Brazilian carnivals â€Å"samba† came from the Bantu word â€Å"semba†).In the modern culture the carnivalesque is actual as never before – but it is another carnivalesque. Mikhail Bakhtin’s carnivalesque has four main themes: the tumultuous crowd, the world turned upside-down, the comic masks and the grotesque body. Bakhtin also categorizes the carnivalesque into three basic forms: ritual spectacles (such as fairs, feasts, wakes, processions, mummery, dancing and open-air amusements with costumes, masks, giants, dwarfs etc), comic verbal compositions and various genres of billingsgate or abusive language.â€Å"†¦ we are especially interested in the language which mocks and insults the deity and which was part of the ancient comic cults† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 16). But some authors found limitations in the theory of the carnivalesque. Richard Berrong wrote that Bakhtin‘s theory had some weaknesses. Bakhtin emphasized the role of laughter culture but do not take in the account the historical context of Rabelais's changing attitude (R. M. Berrong, Rabelais and Bakhtin†¦ , Ã'€. 15, 19-51).The concept of the carnivalesque helps us to identify an atmosphere of festivities, disdain of authority and material anti-intellectualism in literature. It could be applicable to certain genres carousals in Flemish painting and to the social criticism of postmodern art. Bak htin’s concept of carnivalesque could be useful way for the analysis processes connecting the comic and the serious issues of routine life. Medieval carnival players went to the streets in masks and costumes, their ritual spectacles (e. g. the Feast of Fools or the Feast of the Innocents) were full with the topsyturvy.The citizens were admitted to â€Å"occupy† the cathedral and turn it upside down and inside out. They could tell everything and do everything. They were equal and close in this moment. They were very much like Americans today. Where is American carnivalesque? You could find in the streets of New Orleans during Mardi Gras or in the New York during Greenwich Village Halloween Parade. If can find it in the bad blocks and slums. Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the â€Å"carnivalesque† can be applied to ethnical studies of African American or Latin American culture.Today we can use the concept of the carnivalesque when we analyze issues of satire and paro dy in the festival performance of the globalization. We can see the elements of carnivalizing in the pubs, in political actions, advertising and media, in the street theater etc. We see grotesque body of the modern civilization and the modern art. For example if we apply Bakhtin's idea of the carnivalesque to the comedies and romantic movies we can easily find accordance to Bakhtin's description of the world turned upside down in the interests of liberating laughter.In Bakhtin's view, comedy relocates the spiritual from the top (a head and the face) to the bottom (the belly, the bowels and the genitals): â€Å"The essential principle of grotesque realism is degradation, that is, the lowering of all that is high, spiritual, ideal, abstract† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 19). Another modern arena of the contemporary carnivalesque is advertising. Carnivalesque PR stunts are used to attract attention of the potential customer. Otherwise, traditions of the carnival could co nstitute a strategy of resistance to the abusing advertising.I found very interesting material about rave music and use of Bakhtin’s concept of carnivalesque. Rave is out of the mainstream. Like medieval carnival the rave has capacity to disrupt and remake official public norms, both they lead people into the â€Å"symbolic sphere of utopian freedom†. Rave realizes its carnivalesque features in several ways. There are no exclusions to participate in the medieval carnival or rave party and there is no hierarchy between people in the time of festivity or the party. There are oppositions between official and non-official life etc (Rave as Carnival, 2004).But I think that Mikhail Bakhtin never think we will use his concepts to argue our non-trivial ideas about music, movies, public relations – about everything. He was a literary critic and proposed the concept of the carnivalesque to explain dynamics of social changes in the late Medieval Ages and early Renaissance. He uses Rabelais’ work because he was the most typical writer for this period and the elements of carnival grotesque were shown in Gargantua and Pantagruel very clearly. Mikhail Bakhtin died in 1975. He made an important contribution to science. But his concept is not universal.Nothing is perfect.References 1. Bakhtin and Medieval Voices. (1995) University Press of Florida. Gainesville.2. Carnival, History And Popular Culture: Rabelais, Goethe And Dostoevskii As Philosophers (2004) The Internet encyclopedia of philosophy http://www. iep. utm. edu/b/bakhtin. htm.3. Rabelais and Bakhtin Popular Culture in â€Å"Gargantua and Pantagruel† by Richard M. Berrong (1986) University of Nebraska Press, 180 p..4. Rabelais and His World by Mikhail Bakhtin (1984) Indiana University Press 510 p..5. Rave as a carnival (2004) http://www. odevarsivi. com/12/50972. htm.

Mystic Monk Case Study 1

James Farris Case Study #1 2/28/13 Mystic Monk Case 1. Father Daniel Mary is a man that is very dedicated to his church and seems to have a distinct passion for expanding the Carmelite Monks. Father Mary seeks expansion by the purchasing of the 8. 9 million dollar Irma Lake ranch out in the mountains of Wyoming, and by doing this, he hopes to create a place of pure worship, peace, and adoration. After the purchase of this ranch he hopes to expand the current number of monks of 13, to 30. The increase in space will allow more room for interaction and collaboration among the monks.Father Mary see’s the acquisition of the ranch as the future of the monastery and the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming. He knows that his vision of purchasing the ranch would require careful planning and execution. A way he seeks in raising money for this vast purchase is an increase in the revenues from Mystic Monk Coffee. 2. Father Mary assumed that the secluded monastic environment offered unique challeng es to functioning a business enterprise, but it also provided chances that were not obtainable to secular businesses.He committed to develop an execution strategy that would allow Mystic Monk Coffee to minimize the outcome of its cloistered monastic constraints, maximize the potential of monastic opportunities, and understand his vision of buying the Irma Lake Ranch. It seems Father Mary has a definite set of objectives and performance targets to achieve his goal. 3. Mystic Monk Coffee is going to have to make some financial changes if they are wanting to achieve their goal.This can come anyway from making spending cuts, to changing slogans and the way they market their product. An appeal to Catholics to, ‘use their Catholic coffee dollar for Christ and his Catholic church†, was published on the Mystic Monk Coffee website. This is a definite marketing ploy to try and increase sales. Mystic Monk has an advantage over other coffee brands because many customers see their pu rchase as helping the people of god, whether this is morally right or wrong, it is a clear advantage for Mystic Monk Coffee. . Mystic Monk Coffee makes most of its sales online, with a seldom few being over the phone. A 12-ounce bag on their website runs $9. 95, with purchasing of three or more bags qualifying for free shipping. They also give you the option of joining a â€Å"coffee club†, which offers monthly delivery of one to six bags of preselected coffee. The website also offers T-shirts, gift cards and CD’s. It is good the majority of their business is done over the internet seeing how our world is becoming almost completely internet based.At the end of MMC’s first year in operation, its sales of coffee and accessories averaged about $56,500 per month, but their total net profit of this was only 11%, bringing their total net profits to $6,215 per month, or $74,580 per year. This number would have to increase if they are wishing to a acquire the $8. 9 mill ion dollar Irma Lake Ranch. 5. Yes, it qualifies as a winning strategy. Just as long as Father Mary stays dedicated with his vision and makes the proper financial decisions. The acquisition of the ranch isn’t in any way unreasonable. 6.To make this dream become a reality Father Mary is just going to have to do a great job of communicating his project to others, and make sure his fellow Monks are on the same page with him as to what needs to be accomplished. Mystic Monk Coffee will also have to see a significant increase in donations if they are going to make their vision a reality. They need to make Catholic’s within the faith from our the world aware of what they are trying to accomplish. I believe if Father Mary sticks to his vision, they will be able to purchase the Irma Lake Ranch.

The Market for Borrowing Corporate Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Market for Borrowing Corporate Bonds - Essay Example An efficient corporate bond market will lead to the efficient allocation of investment funds. An efficient market will also lead to investments in riskier assets. The types of securities which can be issued in the corporate bond market are debentures, unsecured notes and subordinated debt. One of the major reasons for developing a corporate bond markets is that the bond market provide an alternative solution or source for operational funds for the private sector other than borrowing from the equity markets and banks. This helps in improving the financial stability and allocation of credit. Companies running successfully can decide to expand their activities and commence new projects. To raise capital the company can decide on raising the funds from the corporate bond market as it can be beneficial for the company in the long run. The following sections give a detail understanding of corporate bonds. These sections describe the types of securities that can be issued in the corporate bond market, the types of companies that can issue it, the benefits of issuing bonds over other sources of finance, the providers of debt and their requirements. This information will certainly help the Board of Directors to reach a decision regarding the use of corporate bonds for raising capital to finance the new project. Types of securities that can be issued in the corporate bond market A company can issue three types of securities in the corporate bond market. These three types are explained below. 1. Debentures A debenture is secured by a fixed or floating charge over the issuing company’s unpledged assets. There are two types of debentures: fixed charge and floating charge. Both the types are explained below. a. Fixed Charge debenture: A fixed charge is placed over the permanent assets of the company such as fixed as sets. These assets cannot be sold until the bondholder has been repaid in the event of default. These bondholders have the first claim on the assets of the company. b. Floating charge debenture: A floating charge is issued over those assets which the company will sell in the normal course of the business to generate income such as finished good. These assets can be sold so the company issues a floating charge over these assets. Once the company defaults the floating charge becomes fixed charge. The bondholders will then take possession of the assets. Once the claims of the fixed charge bondholders have been satisfied, these bondholders can claim on the remaining assets. For example, if all the fixed assets have been used to pay off the fixed charge debenture holders, then the assets that the company sells to generate income will be used to pay off the floating charge debenture holders. 2. Unsecured Notes It is a corporate bond with no form of underlying security attached. These bond holders have no claim over the assets until the claims of the fixed-and floating charge bondholders have been satisfied. For example if a company defaults, the fixed charge debenture holders will be paid first, then the floating charge will be paid and finally the unsecured notes holders will be paid. 3. Subordinated Debt Subordinated debt is a long-term debt issue that ranks behind all other creditors. The subordinated debt also pays a specific interest stream. In the event of a default, the holders of subordinated debt receive nothing until the claims of all other creditors are satisfied. The debt issue may also include an agreement which states that the debt will not be presented for

Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revolution - Essay Example The damage rested in the people's faith that the government could carry out economic policy. Specifically in the context of the government being able to do this without manipulation. During this time a remarkable suggestion of the replacement of adaptive expectations by rational expectations was the "Lucas Critique," This critique illustrated that expectation parameters, and endogenous variable dynamics, depend on policy parameters. (Muth p. 315) The presentation and discussion of this critique is taken into consideration for purposes of this discussion from the vantage point of the issue. The issue for this discussion is the issue of bounded rationality, where for transparency it is modeled to bounded rationality by means of simple adaptive expectations. The examination of this critique will illustrate that for a range of processes, monetary policy remains subject to the Lucas critique. (Cooley p 64) Nonetheless, "there are also regimes in which the expectation The adaptive expectations hypothesis was introduced by Cagan (1956) and Friedman (1957) as a plausible and empirically meaningful approach to modeling expectations of future variables in a world of uncertainty. "Their apparent empirical success led to widespread utilization of the adaptive expectations hypothesis before it was ultimately swept away by the rational expectation revolution, initiated by Muth (1961) and advanced by Lucas (1976) and Sargent and Wallace (1975). Rational expectations has the great advantage of providing optimal expectations; under the standard of optimality, adaptive expectations suffers by comparison and should be rejected. (Cooley 1973) One of the most salient implications of rational expectations is the critique of traditional policy making presented in Lucas (1976). The traditional theory of economic policy is characterized as treating the time series process followed by the economy as fixed and invariant with respect to exogenous changes in policy. Under rational expectations, however, the forecast or expectation (Muth 1973) rule will be affected by policy changes and, if the economy is in turn affected by expectations, these will alter the time series process followed by the economy. Lucas provided examples of this phenomenon based on prominent macroeconomic models. Our objective here is to reconsider the Lucas critique in the context of adaptive expectations. The starting point of our argument is Muth (1960). In that paper Muth showed that adaptive expectations, with an appropriate adaptation parameter, are fully rational if the variable being forecasted follows an exogenous IMA(1,1) stochastic process, i.e. if the first difference of the variable is a first-order moving average process. Rational expectations, however, assumes that the true process generating the data is known, an assumption that many feel to be implausibly strong. Recently Evans and Honkapohja (1993, 2001) and Sargent (1999) have argued that adaptive expectations may be a reasonable, if not fully rational, forecast method when the true process is unknown. Economic Structure: We consider a simple macroeconomic model, inspired by Lucas (1973) and Fischer (1977), in which aggregate output is affected by unanticipated price level changes. Let aggregate supply be specified as follows: qt = (pt pe t ), (1) where qt and pt

The Valentine Day Massacre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Valentine Day Massacre - Research Paper Example Schwinger and John May, along with five other members of the North Side Irish gang were lined up against a wall and were executed using Thompson sub-machine guns.3 The Victims were executed against the inside rear of a wall belonging to SMC Cartage Company garage at 2122 North Clark street on Lincoln Park neighborhood in Chicago, later the wall became famous as the Massacre wall. The Wall remains the most important artifact of the event. The infamous wall received world wide press coverage because photos depicting the bloody aftermath of the massacre were published world wide.4 According to the coroner’s report, seven machine gun bullets and two shot gun blasts were fired on the seven victims lined against the Massacre Wall. Out of seven, one victim managed to survive for several hours in the hospital but, he refused to name his killers.5 The murders were committed by gangsters, handpicked by Al Capone, who hired them outside the city to minimize the chances of being recognize d by the North Side Irish gang victims. The case still remains officially unsolved because no one was ever convicted of the crime. Al Capone was a very powerful gangster and the event of Valentine Massacre took place at the height of his power in Chicago. The influence of Al Capone on Chicago can be analyzed from the following quote: â€Å"At the height of his power Al Capone carried everyone- from the mayor of Chicago, police captains and judges, to the bell-boys at his luxurious hotel residence – around his pockets like loose change, and used his power to exploit society’s ubiquitously puissant blend of fear and greed.† 6 Jack McGurn was the right hand man of Al Capone and it was him, who was the master mind behind the Valentine Massacre.7 Jack McGurn was a perfect example of archetypal good- boy-gone-bad, who harbored a vicious criminality which was perfectly mirrored by the gruesome events of Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre. Jack McGurn was paradoxical and his actions left an indelible impression in the history of America. Jack McGurn and Al Capone staged the murders meticulously in an attempt to eliminate George Bugs Moran. The groundwork devised by Jack McGurn was not only devilishly spectacular but was meticulous as well.8 Jack and Al Capone planned that their hired killers will lure George Moran and his favorite men to warehouse of SMC Cartage Company, by offering them an irresistible deal, which in the case was, a load of hijacked whiskey.9 According to Jack’s plan, Once Moran and his men enter the warehouse, killers disguised as policemen will arrive at the scene, pretending to arrest them, but will kill them instead. Al Capone and Jack McGurn knew that they both would be suspected so they conveniently went out of town, when the massacre took place. Al Capone went on vacation to Florida while Jack went safely elsewhere. Unfortunately, the timing went wrong and the plan misfired because Moran arrived late at the wareh ouse and saw the disguised killers getting out of the police car. Moran was scared and he fled. Therefore, the killers executed seven men that were already there at the warehouse garage.10 Then the two killers disguised as uniformed police officers led the other men at gunpoint, out of the garage after successfully carrying out the shooting. John

Field Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Report - Essay Example It can be apparently observed with the occurrence of physical changes amid the individuals affected with late adulthood. Usually, people with late adulthood will possess advance ageing and might lead to a retirement stage (Potter & Perry 191-211, 2009). The association amid the biological, psychological and the cultural factors aid in the identification of late adulthood (Pearson Education, 2013). In this article, a filed survey has been conducted in a community wherein older adults have been residing. The main purpose of this field experience is to find out the thoughts and the feelings of this specific group of people i.e. the late adulthood. Description of the Experience The field experience or the survey in terms of interacting with older adults in a community setting aims at finding out the development of late adulthood in that particular community and the way they lead their life. Moreover, the experience tends to verify whether the people with late adulthood were leading a bet ter life and attend various recreational activities or not. The targeted group of people in the field trip was 68 residents and the retirement home is 26 years. They were offered with two sorts of special care namely independent care and assisted living. The term ‘assisted living’ denotes the housing facility which is provided to the people having disability. In relation to the special features, the residents of the home were taken for shopping a month and provided church service twice a week. Other facilities such as beauty salon and haircut were also offered. Exploration of the Experience, Thoughts and Feelings Nursing is such a profession wherein a person must be treated as a human being rather than a patient. At an old age, a person is in utmost need of care, love and affection. The prime duty of the nursing professionals is to deliver proper care with affection especially to the older adults. After visiting the community of the older people, it was observed that th ose living in the retirement home were not only provided with the basic needs, but also with other necessary requirements and recreational activities. The activities such as band performances have been arranged for them so that the older people can lead a better life at the end of their life (BVT Publishing, 2001). An effective care was being provided as they were taken for shopping and visiting church regularly. Hence, from the field experience, it can be concluded that the old people residing in that community were provided with better physical along with mental care. Analysis of Learning The above field experience can be related with the learning of effective nursing programs linked with the perceptions of health, growth and development of late adulthood. From the experience, it can be affirmed that the people with late adulthood were at the end of their life and thus require to be enjoyed with their family and friends along with proper health care. Specially mentioning, delivera nce of an effectual nursing care is quite indispensable in their life along with the support of family and friends. Numerous physical and health related changes occur during this period that needs to be treated quite effectively by the trained health professionals. As a learner in the nursing program, one can be clear about the ways of taking the best care of the people residing i

How did the increasing size of corporations in the US up to the 1930s Essay

How did the increasing size of corporations in the US up to the 1930s affect the pattern of ownership What advantages and disadvantages did this pattern of ow - Essay Example Although foreign investment slowed as a result of the First World War, it had being a major advantage up to 1913. For instance 19% of British investments went to the US between 1911 and 1913 (Hobsbawm, 1987 p. 348). Increased profits made it an advantage for American corporations to get bigger in size. It made good sense to concentrate ownership as much as possible (Hobsbawm, 1994 p. 86). The First World War certainly presented leading American companies with advantages to expand their size, markets, and profits. As a consequence of the conflict British and German companies had not been able to export as many of their products to other countries. The drop in exports from the US most success rivals allowed its leading companies the advantage of exporting more goods. Before the US entered the war, its companies took advantage to boost their profits by exporting supplies and munitions to the combatant nations, especially France and Britain. American exports were vital to sustain the British war effort in particular. American entry into the First World War led to an expansion of industrial output, which contributed to the Allied victory and proved advantageous for the growth of American corporations. Once again events seemed to reinforce the belief that the concentration of ownership would be best (Hobsbawm, 1994 p. 85). More effective production techniques made a significant contribution to the expansion of the leading American corporations, as a higher volume of products was produced with lower costs. American corporations led the field in the development and use of mass production techniques, most notably the Ford Motor Company (Brandon, 2000 p. 70). For much of the 1920s the size of the domestic market, the growing affluence of many Americans, as well as the relative low costs of production seemed very advantageous for the expansion of the leading American companies. Arguably mass production led to a more concentrated pattern

What does Weber mean by charismatic authority How and why does he Essay

What does Weber mean by charismatic authority How and why does he contrast it to bureaucracy - Essay Example Much progress had been made, but he was not at all confident that that progress could raise human beings to the required moral status that was needed to ensure the world would be a livable place. One problem he had was the way current social scientists were analyzing history and social activity. They all seem to think that the world was on a route of progress, hence their evaluation of history was framed from valued, or normative points of views. Weber created the use of "ideal type" to analyze social data and activity such that values could be separated for observations and theorists could make empirically based views. An ideal type became a concept marking regularities of meaningful action. The ideal type model would enable precise definitions for comparison and measurement of social reality. In his analysis of leadership ideal types that have evolved through history, he created three models. These were the legal or bureaucratic leader, the authority leader, and the charismatic lea der. This report will concentrate on "charismatic authority" and will contrast it to "bureaucracy". It will view how charismatic authority may contribute to a sociological understanding of power in modern society. Discussion How has the concept of ‘leader’ risen in society and in what way has it became an authority figure? Weber attempted to not make value judgments as he outlined his leadership types. Hence he was able to accept as a fact that the bureaucratic leader existed, alone with the traditional and charismatic ones. Although the route that the leader took to authority may have involved injustice or arbitrary actions, Weber's task was to describe the various types and how they came to be accepted (Titunik 65). The bureaucratic or legal leader represented the impersonal type leader that worked efficiently in such organizations as businesses, schools, and even church hierarchies and hospitals. They were the officials of an organization who ruled not on personal lo yalties, but on clear hierarchic chains of command that were organized on systems of intentionally created abstract rules. There were rules of conduct and specified roles were marked out. There were distinct spheres of ownership and staff and staff was paid more or less for skills that were acquired and recognize to operate on the position. One of the problems dealing with bureaucratic leadership was that many times it could be seen as lording over an emotionless 'iron cage' (Weber 181). The traditional leader evolved from a historical patriarch whose position was that of a personal master who ruled over his subjects. He was more or less limited by traditional laws and his rule was held up by faithful followers who had received benefits. It is the charismatic leader whom Weber seems to spend much time on. This particular leader came to power through recognition of his exceptional powers as a hero, as a person who took the ultimate self-sacrifice. His followers are mesmerized before him and had accepted his otherworldly nature. He has exemplary character. He is able to bring meaning into the lives of his follower and he can give them goals and images to internalize and believe in to "transcend their own limited existence" (Conger et al 751). The charismatic leader releases his followers from "custom, law and tradition", even from family responsibilities and, most importantly, from their own conscience (Conger et al 751). Dow sees it as an ideal type and an emotional life-force that "remains forever beyond the reach of bureaucratic domination† (Dow 85). Charismatic leadership directly contrasts bureaucratic leadership. Dow suggests that Weber celebrated ‘charisma as an â€Å"emotional life-force† antagonistic to the dreary construction of the iron cage’† (Dow 85). Yet, today they both can be seen operating easily in tantrum. One

The Economic Impacts of Major Sporting Events Essay

The Economic Impacts of Major Sporting Events - Essay Example There are disagreements as well about the relevant economic factors that should be included in the measurements. This paper presents three extensively criticised, but widely used, models of economic impact analysis, namely, (1) social value, (2) economic multipliers, and (3) input-output paradigm. In order to explain the arguments more clearly the discussion includes research findings or case studies on previous sporting events, such as the World Cup and Olympics. Introduction Several economists observe sizeable economic gains from events occurring from the incentives they confer to businesses. State funding of sporting events, though they are unstable, is usually rationalised by the argument that the events generate economic gains for the areas, where in they are held, but that these gains are not completely supported by the economic feasibility of the event itself (Hall 1994). The financial evaluation of the effect of sporting events on the economy is at the root of contentious dis agreements among economists. According to Dwyer and colleagues (2005), arguments put emphasis at the same time on what should be assessed or calculated, and on the best technique for analysing the economic impacts of large-scale sporting events on the community that hosted it. It appears that there is frequently uncertainty between the economic productivity and economic effect of major sporting events. ... The Nature and Economy of Sporting Events Sporting event as a sector of the economy is huge. In the United States, sport was one of its biggest industries in 1995. Moreover, in 1996, the sport sector was measured to be around $100 billion annually, and forecasted to be worth $139 billion by 2000. In 1997, soccer was measured to be $10 billion in Europe (Forster & Pope 2004, 1). This appears likely to be a stark miscalculation when very few associations separately yield roughly $100 million yearly. In 1995, the British Sports Council calculated that it comprises 2.5% of global trade. This number comprises intangibles like royalties and revenues and physical commodities like facilities. There are additional statistics, all inherently incongruent (Forster & Pope 2004, 1). Sporting events yield roughly 1% of local ‘value-added’ and around 1 ?% of employment in the UK. The US Tennis Open in 2000 produced $699 million to the economy of New York (Forster & Pope 2004, 2). Howeve r, the dilemma is that these statistics merely provide peeks of different components of sport. According to Statistics Canada (Forster & Pope 2004, 2): ... the amount of sport data currently available is insufficient to provide a comprehensive profile of the nature, benefits and value of sport... the data that are available are difficult to compare due to conceptual and definitional differences. Sporting events are a branch of what is termed the ‘weightless economy’. For several grounds that are in conflict material physical production has dropped substantially as GDP percentage across the globe—thus the concept of ‘weightless economy’ (Shin 2010, 105). Alan Greenspan focused on the IT sector but a broad transition from

Charles Dickenss Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickenss Great Expectations Essay Charles Dickenss Great Expectations is the coming-of-age story of Philip Pirrip, better known as Pip. The story presents the development and growth of Pip as he becomes an adult. During the novel, the characters seem to have trouble communicating with each other. Because of the characters interest in only themselves, especially Pip, messages, some important and some not, are delayed or not received at all. According to G. K. Chesterton (1911/1996) in his article The Characters in Great Expectations, despite the novels title, expectations were never realized. This statement could be interpreted as expectations were never realized because of the communication problems between the characters. The characters never seem to express what they want to tell one another. Messages are misinterpreted, and some messages are never heard. For example, Pip had loved Estella from the first time he met her. Toward the end of the novel, he finally told her so, but she did not reciprocate his love for her. She replied instead that she never misled him into thinking she felt the same way about him that he did for her. As a result, Pip was heartbroken (Dickens, 1861/1998). Pip only believed what he wanted to believe, and saw what he wanted to see. This was evident when he dismissed her cold-hearted personality. She tried to tell him that she did not love him, but he would not listen. Pip turned a blind eye and a deaf ear to Estella until he was ready to profess his love for her. Perhaps he was hopeful that, one day, she would love him as much as he loved her. Pip refused to see that Estella did not love him; he instead chose to look at the world through rose-colored glasses. This was not the only time in the novel when Pip had trouble communicating with another character. Early in the story, Pip is reunited with Magwitch. Pip wanted Magwitch to know that he did not turn Magwitch in to the police. However, Magwitch is seemingly not interested in what Pip has to convey. Instead, Magwitch gives Pip a look that Pip cannot quite understand (Dickens, 1861/1998). Magwitch does not seem at all interested in Pips explanation. It was evident to Pip that Magwitch did not comprehend the message Pip was trying to get across to him. Many of the characters have facades (Harris, 2000). This could be a cause of the communication problem. For instance, Pip, when he became a gentleman, began to act how he though a gentleman should act. This led Pip to alienate Joe. Toward the middle of the story, Joe visited Pip in London. Although the visit was awkward, Joe wanted to tell Pip about what was happening back home. Joe was going to tell Pip that Wopsle became an actor. However, Pip did not listen. Instead, he was only interested in hearing that Estella wanted to see him. After Joe told him that Estelle did want to see him, Pip became friendlier and was then open to hearing what Joe had to say. Unfortunately, Joe ended their visit before Pip had a chance to change his behavior (Dickens, 1861/1998). Had Pip not been interested only in himself, Joe would have been able to tell Pip about Wopsle. Because Joe felt alienated, Pip never heard the news about Wopsle. Perhaps if Pip had stopped thinking about his own, selfish needs for a few minutes, he would have been able to hear the news from Joe. On the road to adulthood, there are many times when miscommunication occurs. At the beginning of the story, Pip was an orphaned boy trying to find his way. On his path to adulthood, he was misled. Paul Pickrel (1960/1999), editor of the Yale Review, likened Pips journey to adulthood to a fairy tale, with Joe and Jaggers as Pips guides, and Magwitch as the terrible ogre. Magwitch led Pip to try to become a gentleman; Magwitch was the benefactor for one of Pips â€Å"great expectations. † While Pip was thinking he was being a gentleman, he alienated Joe, one of his guides to adulthood. This alienation led to the miscommunication when Joe went to visit Pip in London. The reader follows Pip on his journey to adulthood from an innocent little boy to a man educated by experience. He is a fantasist; he thinks he can have the best of both worlds (Pickrel, 1960/1999). Pip isolates himself, and in the process becomes a terrible snob. He cut himself off from the people he loved, the people who loved him. At the end of the story, Pip returned to the forge. He was then informed that his sister has died and Joe married Biddy. Had he not been sucked into the myth of his own life, Pip could have married Biddy. Pips life could have turned out much differently had he kept the lines of communication open with Joe. Miscommunication happens along the way, but Pip learned from those experiences, and he became a better man for it. Chesterton, G. K. (1911/1996). The Characters in Great Expectations. In Harold Bloom (ed. ), Charles Dickenss Great Expectations. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. 34. Dickens, Charles. (1861/1998). Great Expectations. New York: Barnes Noble Books. 43, 216-217, 345. Harris, Robert. (2000). Notes for Great Expectations. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from Virtual Salt. http://www. virtualsalt. com/lit/greatexp. htm Pickrel, Paul. (1960/1999). Pips Personal Journey to Adulthood. In Lawrence Kappel (ed. ),

Theoretical Perspectives Of Hrm At Ryanair Management Essay

Theoretical Perspectives Of Hrm At Ryanair Management Essay RYANAIR is Europes largest low-cost airline. Operating its low-fare, no-frills formula, has over 1700 employees and a on the increase fleet of around 50 Boeing 737 jet to provide services over 70 routes to 13 countries all the way through Europe. Operating from its Dublin center of operations, it carries around 12 million passengers every year. Its planes are quite new, and have a short turnaround time between flights of 25 minutes. RYANAIR now requires online cheek-in; otherwise it will charge the customer an additional $40 for printing the online tickets reservation at the airport. It makes most of its money from the items sold in flight such as food, drinks, etc. Theoretical perspectives of HRM We will then present a verity of theoretical perspectives that may make available the indispensable foundation for understanding both the planned and non-strategic determinates of HR practices and thus make possible researchers to get an intentional approach to HRM. Three key theoretical perspectives of HRM Resource based view of the solid Cybernetic agency / transaction costs Behavioral approach Resource based view of the solid The most recent way in into the abstract discussions of planned human resource management comes from the governmental financial side and strategic management copy and has been coin the resource based view of the solid. Since the birth of line of attack as a documented area in the field of management work organization strategists cover relied first and foremost on a single outline to structure their research. The resource-based view of ready for action advantage is firm focused whereas the traditional strategic analysis paradigm has had an industry environment focus. Firm resource heterogeneity refers to the resources of a firm and how different these wealth are across firm. In the customary strategy model firm resources are viewed as all the same across firm in the industry. Firm resource calm refers to the inability of competing firm to obtain assets from other firms. In the traditional strategy model resources are well thought-out mobile in that firms could buy or create resources held by a rival firm. In order for a firms resource to make available sustained competitive advantages for example, the resource must add positive value to the firm, and unique or rare in the midst of currant. Cybernetic agency / transaction costs This variable explains why companies use to control systems such as performance evaluation and reward system. Strategies might not be pursued if performance evaluation and reward system were not in place. They added the perspectives of population ecology, strategic reference points, human capital theory, and the Foucaldian perspective. Digitalization transmogrifies simple analog agent into very composite beings with serious potential for sovereign motion, site, doings, and kind beyond those analogies limited by run of the mill material culture. Behavioral approach The RYANIAR behavioral approach to act management attempts to term the behavior an employee must show signs of to be defective in the job. The various techniques define those behaviors, and then have need of managers to judge the size to which an employee exhibit them and emphasizes on employee behavior as the mediator between strategy and clerical piece. Employee can carry the companys goals or correct performance deficiency. The person in charge distinguishes the basic essentials job and makeup. Function refers to the goals of anticipated activities and makeup to the self of the organization and of the employees or the human resources. The RYANIAR behavior moves toward is directed toward explaining behavioral patterns in poles apart ecological site. It concentrates on culture as the single most important factors. Task-2 Empowerment includes the following, or similar, capabilities:- These ability to make decisions about personal/collective conditions These ability to access information and assets for decision-making Ability to exercise group result assembly The skill having positive-thinking on the subject of to create modify Perceptions though exchange, education and engagement. The enlargement course and changes that is never finish and self-initiated Greater than ever ones up self-image and overcoming shame Increasing ones skill in discreet accepted wisdom to sort out exact and wrong Decision flow (A) Offered Collected prior to the research for a purpose other than the proposed research, includes data (B) Singular Populations Minors, in prison individuals or institutionalized psychologically disabled person. (C) Exemption Criteria (1) Normal educational practices (2) Unknown educational tests, surveys, interviews, (3) Collection or study of existing data; (4) Public benefit or service and Program (6) Taste and food evaluation and acceptance studies. Expensive There is now talk of Ryanairs expansion into the American market, with rumours that on this venture they will have two classes of travelers on the same plane the very economy section which could sell for expensive and customer focused. This would require different types of customer care and also moving away from its core business model of cost saving for all customers. Boundaries of empowerment If RYANAIR employee empowerment is such a great tool and strategy for bring about works, customers service, and employee motivation. RYANAIR organizational boundaries are also factors related to EE and high performing teams. Boundaries help newly empowered employees understand what their new, empowered roles are. Collective bargaining agent Given bellow the collective bargaining agent advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Collective Bargaining Collective Bargaining is elastic and RYANAIR and not fixed or still: It has flexibility and ample range for finding the middle ground, for a mutual give and take sooner than the final accord is Reached or arrived at Collective bargaining RYANAIR is not a completive course of action but is for all intents and purposes a complementary course of action: Each social gathering wants a bit that the other party has that is to say, labor can make a greater creative try and executive has the capacity to disburse for those efforts and to put in order and guide. In good health preparation: The agreements that move toward from united bargaining are for set moment in time periods, be able to let organization to sketch for the prospect based on those agreements. Disadvantages of Collective Bargaining When unions and companies be of the same opinion on pay add to, it might cause rise in fee; then the client will have to shoulder the full weigh down of their agreement. Wage go with the flow leads to higher wage costs for employers and top price increases in the financial system, which in go round leads to top notice rates and minor investment. Task-3 Communication barriers Many people think that communicating is easy. A communication barrier is very important of any business. Given bellow the communication barriers. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the place of work include: striking out territory, empire and fiefdoms into which strangers are not acceptable closed office doors, separate areas for group of diverse status Large running areas or effective in one unit that is in the flesh separate on or after others. Research shows that one of the most key factors in house cohesive teams is closeness. As long as natives still have an own space that they be capable of call their own, closeness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one a different. Perceptual barriers The problem with cabin crew communicating with others is with the intention of we all see the globe differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to exchange a few words: something like extrasensory acuity would seize its place. Interpersonal barriers There are six levels at which people can distance them from one an additional Taking out RYANIR cabin crew taking out is a lack of interpersonal makes contact with. It is both refusals to be in lay a hand on and time without help. Rituals RYANIR cabin crew is empty, repetitive routines devoid of valid get in touch with. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but on the surface behavior. Working activities are persons tasks which go after the rules and trial of get in touch with but no more. Games are subtle, scheming interactions which are on the subject of winning and losing. Its difference other country system. Contact is the aim of RYANIR cabin crew interpersonal make contact with where there is a far above the ground level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving communications with RYANIR is a broad-brush activity. RYANIR have to change their thoughts, these feelings, and RYANIR physical connections. That way, RYANIR can break downward the barriers that get in this way and start construction relationships that really work. Differing emotional states RYANIR have two system message example exclusive and normal systems. Every message contains both a content connotation, which deals in the company of the subject matter of the message, and a bond import, which suggests the nature of the interaction sandwiched between sender and receiver. Communication can break down when the recipient reacts negatively to either of these meanings. RYANIR may have to contract with people when they are offended. An sadden human being tends to do not take into account or distort what the other person is saw and is often powerless to in attendance feelings and ideas in tip of fact. Poor listening People are for all intents and purposes likely to drift off when they are strained to listen to in sequence that is difficult to be aware of or that has little direct air on their own lives. To boot few of us just do not pay attention fine. Differing backgrounds Differences in background can be one of the hardest statement barriers to rise on top of. Age, instruction, sex, public status, trade and industry position, cultural set, nature, physical condition, good looks, fame, religious conviction, taking sides belief, even a passing mood can all break up one human being from an additional and make kind easier said than done. To triumph over the barriers linked with opposed backgrounds, avoid visionary your own milieu or mores on top of others. Shed radiance on your own and be aware of the background of others, spheres of data, personalities and perceptions and dont take for granted that certain behaviors mean the same thing to all and sundry. Task-4 The most famous distinction of labour flexibility is given by Atkinson. Based on the strategies companies use, he notes that there can be four types of plasticity. Functional flexibility RYANIR has to do in the midst of organization of function or management and training workers. The ability to reassign employees to poles apart everyday jobs within the organization, either in response to short-term production flows or long-term adjustment to technological adjust, has impotent effects on managerial mixing. RYANIR employees cannot transfer to special activities and task surrounded by the firm. The low functional flexibility nations (U.S.A, U.K, and Singapore) and the high functional flexibility nations (Sweden, Germany, Japan) reach those varying result through basically different HRMS policies. It has to do with organization of act or management and division workers. This can be achieved by outsourcing activities. External numerical flexibility RYANIR external numerical flexibility is refers to the change of the labour intake, or the add up to of human resources forms the external market. As a result is reduction international competitiveness and for that reason, employment levels. High workers competence levels tend to drive a low ENF line of attack in order to protect nest egg in training, as in Germany and Japan. High functional flexibility means that firms have the ability to reallocate workers within and without the organization as a viable option to layoffs. This can be achieved by employing human resources on short-term work or fixed-term contracts or through comfortable hiring and the boot regulations or in other words recreation according to the firms wants. Internal numerical flexibility Internal numerical flexibility, RYANIR know sometimes as work time flexibility or lay flexibility. This flexibility is achieved by adjusting operational hours or schedules of human resources by now employed within the firm. RYANIR a number of rewards and staffing policies come into sight to affect the ability of firms from corner to corner nations to adjust working hours and the total number of hours on hand over the work year, the availability of overtime, particularly, the distance end to end of the schedule work week, the ability to trim down work weeks, and the amount of paid time. Financial or wage flexibility The model of RYANAIR cabin crew incorporates the verity that individuals may have large flexibility in not to be trusted their work effort. RYANAIR wage level is not decided as a group and in attendance are more differences between the wages of human resources. The labor effort is an optimal financial investment strategy at each point in RYANAIR life cycle. This is made so that pay and other employment price tag reflect the make available and insist of labour. This can be achieved as a result of rate-for-the-job organism, or evaluation based pay system, or human being performance wages. This can also cover up workers who are relocated to extra offices within the firm. Task-5 A defining and classifying come within reach of such as those of by means of Rodgers seven headings- offer a way of not compulsory the selection criterion. It seems cogent and an open auditable come within reach of as well. It would make available records needed if an important person was to inspect the justice and application how well the route of recruitment and choice has been conduct so the come up to may satisfy a quality audit. Given bellow the Rodger seven point plan. Physical make-up Health: A cabin crew must a good health. He should not attend on job with any kind of sickness. Physique: A cabin crew should have a good body structure. He cannot be so fat or so slim. Appearance: Cabin crew must keep up their time schedule properly. They are supposed to attend at RYANAIRS office at fixed time. Bearing: Every passengers of an airbus want a polite person to serve up them. So a cabin crew of RYANAIR must have a good behavior with everyone. Attainment Education: A cabin crew must complete minimum higher secondary level or A level. If considered necessary the qualification may add to. Training: To give a better service to the passengers a cabin crew must have to take training as it should be. It is so tuff to offer good services without training for cabin crew. Experience: experience may necessary for a better service for the passengers. One or two years experience possibly will enough for a cabin crew. Achievements: Goodwill is the best achievements for a cabin crew before take on a cabin crew we should be acquainted with about his achievement in all sec Intelligence Cognitive ability: A cabin crew must cognitive ability. Learning capacity: All cabins should have learning capacity. Because he has not learning capacity then he cannot grab hold of additional topics. Analytical ability: A cabin crew relevant analytics capabilities are often interwoven into applications for sales, marketing, and service. Special aptitudes If a person has a good knowledge on construction, equipment, dexterity, mathematical, IT ability they should recruit. Interests To be a good cabin crew a person must have to be active and social. If he an intellectual and practical people he should get the priority to get the chance to serve the passenger of RYANAIR. Disposition A cabin crew must enough maturity and personality to be good and good service for passenger. Circumstances A cabin crew must physical and mentally fit and all set to go to anywhere of the world withRYANAIR. Task-6 Lack of job security Some of the people do job of the RYANIR a small number of jobs or yet one job in their life. If so, and theyre not effective for the rule, theyre likely to be older than 50, having adult up at a time where company devotion and hard employment provided a steady vocation and a at ease pension. They might have spent 20 or 30 years with the same company, never making the break to search for a little better, and on no account having a reason to fear layoffs. Its important to realize that not everyone react the same way to job lack of confidence. Economics provides the main reason at the back migration. Functional turnover RYANAIR employee turnover is well thought-out by many business leaders to be a simple matter of keeping the information down. Determine relationships of turnover with the employee and the agency. Push factors RYANAIR push factor come in a lot of forms. Sometimes these factors go away natives with no pick but to go away their country of starting point. RYANAIR Other push factors include ancient conditions, poor health check care, normal disasters, political fear and as well as slavery. Natural disasters and ecological evils over and over again cause the loss of money, homes, and jobs. RYANIAR instead go to the United States, where their skills and their lower wage demands are sought after by high-teach companies. Environmental problems and likely disasters often cause the defeat of money, homes, and jobs. Pull factors RYANAIR Pull factors generally make a decision where these travelers end up. People sad to more develop countries will over and over again find that the same work they be doing at home is content out of the country with higher take-home pay. RYANAIR find a greater security net of welfare benefits be supposed to they be unable to work. RYANAIR pull factor given bellow three examples: Higher standards of living/Higher wages, Labor Demand, and Political and Religious Freedom. People stirring to more urban countries will over and over again find that the alike work they were doing at home is content abroad with higher wages. Other pull factors include more medical care or education, family links or simply a personal fondness of a certain place, whether it may be linked to mores, verbal communication, weather situation or other influencing factors.

Roald Dahls Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyles The Adventure of the Speckled Band :: Slaughter Speckled Band Essays

Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band While both stories are murder stories, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a typical murder mystery. A typical murder mystery would be one where a dashing detective saves the damsel in distress from the evil murderer in an old mansion. Quite simply, that describes the story in The Adventure of the Speckled Band. On the other hand, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a bit typical. It is set in a warm home where a woman is knitting and peacefully counting away the time before her husband comes home. It could be argued that Mrs Maloney would more likely be a victim in a story, rather than a murderer. In the early part of the play she is described as: "Her skin - for this was her sixth month with child - had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft, and the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before." Dr Roylott is much more sinister, and in that way the story was quite predictable: "Violence and temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in the men of the family" The character of Mrs Maloney is by far the more interesting of the two. She starts as a kind and loving housewife, and ends up as some sort of almost psychopathic killer. There are many cultural differences between The Adventure of the Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter. We can see many technical advances in Lamb to the Slaughter because of the differing time setting. The Adventure of the Speckled Band has dogcarts, veils and frock coats. Contrasting with this, Lamb to the Slaughter has freezers, cars and ovens. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, women are regarded as helpless and cannot make decisions. In contrast, Lamb to the Slaughter shows a woman who can make decisions for herself. This is shown when Mrs Maloney makes drinks. Mrs Maloney would appear to have a sort of strength of character, shown by the fact that seems to be stable and in control, even when Patrick is dead. In contrast, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band the women seem helpless and unable to choose. The mansion in The Adventure of the Speckled Band is typical of a murder mystery story. This is shown by:"two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side". The Maloney household however is not typical at all. It is a warm 1950's home. This is probably to lull you into a false sense of security, and believe that everything is calm before the shocking murder. Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band :: Slaughter Speckled Band Essays Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band While both stories are murder stories, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a typical murder mystery. A typical murder mystery would be one where a dashing detective saves the damsel in distress from the evil murderer in an old mansion. Quite simply, that describes the story in The Adventure of the Speckled Band. On the other hand, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a bit typical. It is set in a warm home where a woman is knitting and peacefully counting away the time before her husband comes home. It could be argued that Mrs Maloney would more likely be a victim in a story, rather than a murderer. In the early part of the play she is described as: "Her skin - for this was her sixth month with child - had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft, and the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before." Dr Roylott is much more sinister, and in that way the story was quite predictable: "Violence and temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in the men of the family" The character of Mrs Maloney is by far the more interesting of the two. She starts as a kind and loving housewife, and ends up as some sort of almost psychopathic killer. There are many cultural differences between The Adventure of the Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter. We can see many technical advances in Lamb to the Slaughter because of the differing time setting. The Adventure of the Speckled Band has dogcarts, veils and frock coats. Contrasting with this, Lamb to the Slaughter has freezers, cars and ovens. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, women are regarded as helpless and cannot make decisions. In contrast, Lamb to the Slaughter shows a woman who can make decisions for herself. This is shown when Mrs Maloney makes drinks. Mrs Maloney would appear to have a sort of strength of character, shown by the fact that seems to be stable and in control, even when Patrick is dead. In contrast, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band the women seem helpless and unable to choose. The mansion in The Adventure of the Speckled Band is typical of a murder mystery story. This is shown by:"two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side". The Maloney household however is not typical at all. It is a warm 1950's home. This is probably to lull you into a false sense of security, and believe that everything is calm before the shocking murder.

Standardized Testing: The SAT and the ACT Essay -- Testing, Evaluation

Standardized testing has played an important role in the college admission decisions. The role of admission exams is always changing and evolving with time. The most prominent exams used are the SAT and the ACT. Their purpose is for gauging student knowledge for placement and possible success rate. Each test is comprised of numerous educational factors to gauge knowledge. The SAT and the ACT derived from other test forms to become what they are today. In addition to being an entrance exam, the grades obtained from these exams are used to formulate statistical information. Knowing that these tests are a requirement for college entry, one wants to do well on the exam(s). With testing tips and early preparation acceptable scores can be achieved. The SAT and ACT are both consisted of more than one section. The SAT has three sections which are critical reading, mathematics and writing. Each of these sections is divided into more detailed sections. The critical reading part of the SAT consists of comprehension, sentence reading passages, and critical reading passages. The math section on the SAT has questions about numbers and operations, geometry, statistics, probability, and data analysis. The last section of the SAT is writing. The writing section is more than just a written response to a question it consists of multiple choice questions, short essay, and critical reading passages. The ACT, like the SAT, has sections of knowledge within each section. The ACT contains slightly different from those of the SAT. The ACT has four sections: English, math, science and writing. Similar to the SAT each section has subsections. The English portion of the ACT evaluates punctuation, grammar, usage, sentence structure, rhetorical sk... ...hools, 17(4), 45-6. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Dorans, N. (2010). Misrepresentations in Unfair Treatment by Santelices and Wilson. Harvard Educational Review, 80(3), 404-12. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Frontline. (2011). WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2011, from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/where/timeline.html Hua, V. (2010). It's All in the Preparation. T.H.E. Journal, 37(7), 12, 14-15. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Public Agenda. (2011). Public Agenda. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from Public Agenda Online: http://www.publicagenda.org The College Board. (2011). College Board. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from College Board: http://www.collegeboard.org U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. Standardized Testing: The SAT and the ACT Essay -- Testing, Evaluation Standardized testing has played an important role in the college admission decisions. The role of admission exams is always changing and evolving with time. The most prominent exams used are the SAT and the ACT. Their purpose is for gauging student knowledge for placement and possible success rate. Each test is comprised of numerous educational factors to gauge knowledge. The SAT and the ACT derived from other test forms to become what they are today. In addition to being an entrance exam, the grades obtained from these exams are used to formulate statistical information. Knowing that these tests are a requirement for college entry, one wants to do well on the exam(s). With testing tips and early preparation acceptable scores can be achieved. The SAT and ACT are both consisted of more than one section. The SAT has three sections which are critical reading, mathematics and writing. Each of these sections is divided into more detailed sections. The critical reading part of the SAT consists of comprehension, sentence reading passages, and critical reading passages. The math section on the SAT has questions about numbers and operations, geometry, statistics, probability, and data analysis. The last section of the SAT is writing. The writing section is more than just a written response to a question it consists of multiple choice questions, short essay, and critical reading passages. The ACT, like the SAT, has sections of knowledge within each section. The ACT contains slightly different from those of the SAT. The ACT has four sections: English, math, science and writing. Similar to the SAT each section has subsections. The English portion of the ACT evaluates punctuation, grammar, usage, sentence structure, rhetorical sk... ...hools, 17(4), 45-6. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Dorans, N. (2010). Misrepresentations in Unfair Treatment by Santelices and Wilson. Harvard Educational Review, 80(3), 404-12. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Frontline. (2011). WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2011, from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/where/timeline.html Hua, V. (2010). It's All in the Preparation. T.H.E. Journal, 37(7), 12, 14-15. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Public Agenda. (2011). Public Agenda. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from Public Agenda Online: http://www.publicagenda.org The College Board. (2011). College Board. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from College Board: http://www.collegeboard.org U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics.

The Doppelgänger in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Literary Anal

In Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, a major motif running throughout the novel is doppelgà ¤nger, which means double. Doppelgà ¤nger is a counterpart of a living person, meaning a mirror image of each other, and plays a prominent role in Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein creates a creature, by lingering around graveyards consisting of old body parts. The creature is brought to life and Victor is frightened by what he has created. The creature is the counterpart to his maker, Victor Frankenstein. Victor and the creature resemble each other in more ways than one, exhibited throughout the novel such as their relationship with nature, or desires for family. â€Å"The doctor [Victor Frankenstein] and his monster represent of one another and their relationship mirrors that of the head and the heart, or the intellect and the emotion. In this context, the monster’s actions have been viewed as manifestations of the doctor’s—and Shelley’s—repressed desires† (Bomarito and Whitaker). The motif of doppelgà ¤nger is established when Victor created the creature. As Victor is alone and obsessed with science, he resorts to creating a â€Å"being of a gigantic stature, that is to say, about eight feet in height, and proportionally large† (Shelley 38). Whenever the creature comes to life, Victor is frightened and flees from the creature, even though he does not realize, that he has subsequently created a double of himself. Victor Frankenstein and his creation are alike in several ways, one of them being their appreciation of nature. Victor embraces the nature for the quick moment that he escapes the creature as it â€Å"filled me with a sublime ecstasy that gave wings to the soul and allowed it to soar from the obscure world to light and joy† (Shelley 84). Vict... ... . Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. Bond, Chris. "Frankenstein: is it really about the dangers of science? Chris Bond explores how Frankenstein is about something more than the danger of scientific experimentation." The English Review Sept. 2009: 28+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York, New York: Bantam Books, 1981. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "On Frankenstein." The Athenaeum 263 (10 Nov. 1832): 730. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jay Parini. Vol. 14. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. Yousef, Nancy. "The monster in a dark room: Frankenstein, feminism, and philosophy." Modern Language Quarterly 63.2 (2002): 197+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 Jan. 2012

Problems Facing United States Today Essay

It is now year 2008, and after Bush administration’s destructive decisions to humanity, America is now facing tremendous problems at home and abroad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I consider moral standard as the problem which should be taken most seriously. Why? Because it has been in question since the Bush administration declared war against Iraq and violated not just the human rights but also the rights of the country and the rules of war. Justice was not given. Though there were a number of Americans that opposed these attacks, the effects violence has resulted to confusion on moral standards of most Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next is, the problem arising now in medical and social security aspects. It is a problem that should be dealt with as soon as possible for the reason that the government is spending large amount of money and that health is considered a high priority for the benefits of the citizens. There are also issues regarding the inequalities in the medicare system. The government should protect its citizens through improving this type of services. The third problem I consider to be taken with high importance are issues between the Republicans and the Democrats which constitutes the political controversies covering all other problems America is facing. There are far more important issues than the rivalries between the two parties. With this, the politicians tend to focus on such issues and controversies, rather than solving the state’s problems regarding the government’s inefficient services. Following this is the failing value of dollar. As a result of this, the economy of US is under a critical condition. If not solved, this may affect their domestic and international trades. The prices of services and goods may also increase, that may result to revolutions or the failure of the standard of living of the Americans. When this happens, it may cause the less competitiveness of their market to foreign trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fifth problem I considered is the lack of preparedness and actions for natural disasters. The whole planet is under climate change and the people are not aware of what is it all about. The natural disasters now and stronger and are not detected and reported accurately. One example is the typhoon that hit a state in US wherein hundreds of people died and the government was unprepared, so the rescue operation and the services were of low quality. Not only that, the spread of information and educating the people about natural disasters is very minimal. Next is the poor control of government spending. Like the war in Iraq which cost them millions of dollars, but they failed to give justice to both sides. Also the funds they provide for space exploration in order to compete with other countries that are advancing in that field like Russia. Another is the fund for war weapons which are not rationally used, and gives high risk to the citizens security and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The seventh problem on my list is the human rights violation abroad brought by the wars launched during Bush’ administration. The war violated the human rights of almost all the population consisting Iraq. Its effects are long term because it has caused and American citizens residing in Middle East can be in danger for attacks as the result of the war.   Next is the lack of help in restoring the environment which is I think is connected with the issue on lack of preparedness. This is a problem because the whole planet is experiencing climate change, and given that US is a first world country and has a high contribution in the world’s pollution, I think they should launch programs and lead other countries in restoring mother nature. The ninth on my list is the problem within family relations. There is an increase in the number of partners getting a divorce, though they have institutions to help these families, still it makes their moral standards low since children of broken families are the victims. The last problem is the illegal aliens inside their territory that may cheat taxes and commit crimes causing another set of problems to the nation. References The Real Problem Facing America. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://gopublius.com/the-  Ã‚   real-problem-facing-america/ Some More Information on the National Healthcare Plan– How It Can Be Done. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://www.blogs4me.com/johnnyangel/ Importance of Your Family History to Your Marriage. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://marriage.about.com/od/familyoforigin/a/familyhistory.htm Top Ten US Natural Disasters. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/environment/top10_naturaldisasterthreats_us.html

Property law consultant Essay

This is in reference to your query about legal advice with respect to your property which is currently occupied by three tenants apart from you. This letter explains in detail about each tenant rights, terms and conditions which are legally referenced and relevant to your tenants, residing in ground floor, middle floor and top floor. A view on UK property law, rights and obligations of landlord is provided to you for your understanding and also about your convenient decision making in the matters of your property and also how to deal with your tenants in legal framework. There is also a clear analysis about legal relationship that exists between you and your tenants. First of all, it is important to take a clear note on responsibility of landlord over the property. The said property of Georgian Town House has been taken for a lease period of 25 years and only a period of 9 years have been completed and there are still 16 more years for the expiry of lease period. Therefore, this gives out a fact that it is important to maintain the leased premises. It is a also a fact that you travel on a holiday spending most of your time within and outside UK making it necessary that premises have to be absolutely in tact even in your absence for the convenience of tenants as well to keep the premises out of dilapidation. UK property law clearly states that landlord must undertake repairs to the property whenever required in the structure of the property. The connections of gas, hot water, electrical appliances, common areas and furnitures have to be strictly administered by the landlord. This emphasizes that as a landlord, carrying out repairs wherever required is not only required by property law of UK whereas it is also an act of meeting the obligations and requirements of tenants. Three of your tenants stated that central stairwell which is commonly used by all of you is completely dilapidated and the tenants have been complaining demanding repairs, painting and to establish re-connections of lighting. Please understand that you as landlord have to meet and comply with the UK property laws and any violation to the laws would be seriously viewed inviting penalties. Now, moving on from your rights and obligations as landlord, the next would be a detailed discussion about each tenant and legal relationship that exist between you as landlord and your tenants. Groundfloor – Taxi cab A written agreement of â€Å"licence to occupy† which came into effect on 1. 5. 2008 and as per the agreement taxi cab firm must pay ? 10,000. The taxi cab presently pays a sum of ? 2500 for every three months. The legal relationship between taxi cab and you is that of a tenant and a landlord. Tax cab is responsile for paying the stated sum as rent regularly and tenant is also responsible for bills of gas, electricity, telephone as per the written agreement and further taxes must be regularly paid apart from water and sewerage charges. Taxi cab written agreement expires on 30. 4. 2011 as the agreement is for a period of three years. Therefore it is important to abide by the requests of repair or renovation as required by the taxi cab firm with the fact that lease agreement must be fully complied with meeting the all the requirements. Section 27 pf Tenant Act 1954 is not being discussed here for your reference. Taxi cab also requested you to repair the central stairwell and if this request is not approved by you, there is a scope that taxi cab might waive paying rent, or bring such other damage to the premises which would prove more expensive for repairs to be made. Middle floor which is occupied by a jeweller, who is also your cousin has not entered into any written agreement with you and that does not legally bind neither you nor jewellery to comply with any UK property laws. Oral agreement is not a valid option in the matters of disputes and also consider any decision. However as for now, jeweller is paying a rent of ? 400 per month and is carrying on business during week days. It is also a fact that oral agreement also carries certain rights and obligations both for business tenants and for the landlord, although these cannot be enforced in the courts as written agreements are more valid while filing cases of non-compliance of property laws or tenant laws. The nature of legal relationship between you and jeweller is that of a business tenant and a landlord. Further this tenant must maintain a rent book for the monthly rent paid to you and you are required to put your signature in the rent book whenever you receive rent. This tenant apart from being your cousin has every right and responsibility towards the central stairwell to carryout repairs whereas this must be done with a mutual consent from you. Further it is also a fact that this tenant is standing on the collective opinion of other two tenants that central stairwell must be repaired as it is creating problems for all the clients. Therefore, obliging to the request to repair the central stairwell is more advisable as it would invite more obligations both from business tenants and also from UK property law authorities if in case a complaint against you is launched for non-repair of central stairwell. The top floor is occupied by a commercial artist who also does not carry any written agreement of business tenancy. The tenant also facilitates the floor when there are parties arranged by you which means the tenant is absolutely cordial and compatible with you in the capacity of landlord. This tenant is also paying a small amount towards bills. Further this tenant is also of the opinion that central stairwell must be repaired. All of the business tenants are using the premises all through the business days which means central stairwell is a common area for carrying on respective activities. Another fact is only tax cab firm is a legal tenant with a legal relationship whereas other two business tenants viz. jeweller, commercial artist are not legal tenants due to the fact that there is no written agreement. The sum of rent paid by jewellery and commercial artist is very small whereas taxi cab firm is paying rent on lease. The opinion of all the three tenants is that since the central stairwell is used regularly, it is important to maintain the same in order to prevent any unforeseen occurrence of accidents or breakage. This was the main reason that tenants have approached you to repair the central stairwell. Taxi cab firm along with other two tenants in each floor are performing well in carrying on businesses and therefore, there is no problem of business loss or lack of funds. Further tenants have been very cooperative in paying rents regularly and also in meeting the other expenses as and when required. Some of the rights that can be exercised by you in the capacity of a landlord are viz. , increase of rent, conditions on usage of premises or any other matter pertaining to either rent or premises. Tenants complaints for repair of central stairwell would be valid only when there is a written notice to this effect under Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which states that notice that be given either verbally or in writing in order to provide sufficient time for landlord to carryout the required repairs. When landlord does not wish to carry out repairs, in such case, tenants have to show the proof of written notice to the court in order to receive a remedial claim. The landlord cannot ignore or overlook any legal responsibilities with regard to the repairs as stated in Section 11 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. As per the law, landlord is responsible for maintaining the roof, gutter, drains, pipes, walls, windows doors or any structure of the property. Section 11 clearly states that landlord must take the responsibility to maintain the repairs of the structure and also to keep the installations such as baths, sinks, sanitary pipes. Taking this section as a guide, central stairwell is within the premises of the property which is used by tenants regularly for business purpose. Therefore, the responsibility of repair rests with the landlord. Conclusively, keeping all of the above facts in view, there are two options at your end to maintain and repair the central stairwell. First is, to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and second is to assign the responsibility to one of the tenants whom you confide in to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and submit all the necessary bills of repairs to you. Further these expenses can be deducted from the monthly rent paid by all the three tenants. This would solve the problem and further all the tenants would be satisfied. Sincerely, Sd/- (B) Property law consultant References Housing in England – Tenancy Agreements Accessed 20 March 2009 http://www. adviceguide. org. uk/index/family_parent/housing/tenancy_agreements. htm LandLord and Tenant Act 1954 Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://72. 14. 235. 132/search? q=cache:QpO_V-_S0f8J:www. communities. gov. uk/documents/citiesandregions/pdf/131185. pdf+the+Landlord+and+Tenant+Act+1954. &cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in Landlord and Tenants Rights Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. insolvencyhelpline. co. uk/legal_issues_explained/landlords_and_tenants_rights. php Renting a home. The key to a quiet life Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. lawsociety. org. uk/choosingandusing/commonlegalproblems/rentingahome. page Section 27 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954: a tactical approach Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. practicalconveyancing. co. uk/content/view/7631/1121/ The rights of renters Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. consumerrightsexpert. co. uk/TheRightsOfRenters. html Tenancy agreement service Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/verbal-tenancy-agreements. htm Landlords’ and Tenants’ repairing obligations Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/repairing-obligations. htm#notice-of-repairs

Representations of Love in Much Ado About Nothing

Explore representations of love in Much Ado About Nothing In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare uses literary structures such as doubles and opposites in order to emphasise the plays main themes and ideas. McEachern claims â€Å"It is undoubtedly the most socially and psychologically realistic of his comedies, in it’s portrait of the foibles generosities of communal life. † (McEachern, 2006, 1) One main theme I want to explore is love and how Shakespeare represents this in Much Ado About Nothing. The two main genres in Shakespeare’s dramas are tragedy and comedy. Tragedy always ends in death and comedy always ends in a marriage. Although Much Ado inevitably ends in marriage, it differs from some of Shakespeare’s other romantic comedies as his other comedies usually portray love in a much more unrealistic way. â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing is best known for the ‘merry war’ between one of it’s two couples, and an oxymoron could also describe this comedy’s identity as a whole. Shakespeare offers a play of light and dark, of romantic union wrested from fear and malice and of social harmony soothing the savagery of psychic violence† (McEachern, 2006, 1) In Act 1 Scene 1, Don Pedro, prince of Arragon arrives with his bastard brother Don John, and his two friends Claudio and Benedick. It is in this Act that Beatrice and Benedick first meet and the war of wits begin. Leonato states â€Å"There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick and her [Beatrice]; they never meet but there is a skirmish of wit between them. † (Much Ado, Act 1 Scene 1, 520) Although their words seem quite hateful to one another, at the same time it may also come across as flirtatious. Before Beatrice even meets Benedick, she expresses her distaste for him, however, she talks about him in such great depth it is almost more like an obsession than hatred. Benedick teases Beatrice by saying â€Å"I am loved of all ladies, only you excepted: and I would I could find it in my heart that I had not a hard heart; for, truly, I love none. † (Act 1 scene 1, 521) to which Beatrice replies â€Å"A dear happiness to women: they would else have been troubled with a pernicious suitor. I thank God and my cold blood, I am of your humour for that: I had rather hear my dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loves me† (Act 1 Scene 1, 521) By using the characters of Beatrice and Benedick, Shakespeare mocks the conventional type of love, romantic love, which is expressed by Hero and Claudio. This is also an example of how Shakespeare uses doubles in his play, as he uses the two couples to express two types of love. One being more realistic, that of Beatrice and Benedick, and the other being the more unrealistic, over the top romantic love expressed by Hero and Claudio. Even though the plot is largely based on Hero and Claudio’s relationship, the witty banter and seemingly unromantic relationship between Beatrice and Benedick seems much more interesting to the reader and we are more interested in how their relationship will develop. It is this relationship that seems much more believable compared to Claudio and Hero’s fairytale love at first sight. It is through contrasting these two different types of love and through the different use of language that Shakespeare can mock the conventional romantic love. Claudio uses a totally different style of language to Benedick when they both speak of love. Benedick is highly cynical and negative about love where as Claudio is more pretentious and elaborate when he speaks about Hero, for example when he says â€Å"Can the world buy such a Jewel? † (Act 1 scene 1, 522). This language is completely different to the way that benedick speaks to Beatrice as the first thing he says to her is â€Å"My dear Lady disdain! Are you yet living? † (Act 1 scene 1, 521) Benedick also speaks of his frustration of Claudio’s eloquent language when speaking of love as he states â€Å"He was wont speak plain and to the purpose, like an honest man and a soldier†¦his words are a very fantastical banquet, just so many strange dishes. (Act 1 Scene 3, 529) This however is quite hypocritical of him as in Act 4 Scene 1, Benedick confesses his love for Beatrice and states â€Å"I do love nothing in the world so well as you: is that not strange? † (Act 4, Scene 1, 541) to which Beatrice responds â€Å"I love you with so much of my heart, that none is left to protest† (Act 4, scene 1, 541) This shows how dramatically their relationship has changed as the witty banter and insults have turned into confessions of love for one another. It is often difficult to understand and accept the love between Hero and Claudio as it is so unrealistic. They fall in love with each other before they even truly get to know one-another, which therefore makes their love and marriage seem quite false and shallow. The fact that Claudio does not question Don John when he professes that Hero has been unfaithful, yet instead believes his word to be true, questions whether the love he has for Hero is sincere. Surely Claudio would confront his future wife before coming to any sort of conclusion, however, even her own father believes this to be true and states â€Å"why she, oh she is fallen/ into a pit of ink, that the wide sea/ hath drops too few to wash her clean again,/ and salt too little, which may season give/ to her foul tainted flash† (Act 4 Scene 1, 540) Another aspect of the play that makes Hero and Claudio’s love very unrealistic is hero’s willingness to forgive Claudio after his bold accusations of her infidelity. If his love for her was as strong and powerful as he made out, he would be more trusting of Hero in the first place. However, she seems to disregard this and does not question his behaviour, but instead is willing to carry on with the marriage. Bibliography McEachern,  Claire. Much Ado About Nothing. 2006. the Arden Shakespeare Shakespeare, W. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. 1996. Wordsworth Editions Limited