Bed Bathing a Patient Essay

Introduction In this assignment I will be exploring the legal, professional and ethical issues involved in bed bathing a patient/client in a hospital setting. I will be reflecting on a personal experience, experience during a seven week placement on a diabetic ward. I have decided to use a reflective cycle which is an adaptation from Gibbs’ (1988) model.This reflection has provided a systematic approach to my learning and to my nursing practice. Within this essay I intend to discuss approaches to assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating care. Heron (1977) refers to the process of reflecting as a ‘conscious use of the self’. Once one becomes consciously aware of their actions, it is easer to recognise the reason for doing them in the first instance. The first stage of this process is to acknowledge our actions by reflecting we reveal to our selves how we act, such actions are spontaneous and without forethought attention. To maintain my clients autonomy I am unable to disclose any client information, accordingly I have given my client the name Mrs Jones this is to protect and respect my client’s confidentiality as stated by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988)DescriptionDuring any client’s admission stage an assessment on the client’s skin care regime is made, this takes into account the clients personal preferences, the level of function the client may have to provide self-care and the amount of assistance required to promote optimal hygiene procedures in the form of bed baths, in respect of encouraging independence. The reason why we bed bath clients is to promote personal hygiene and to give them a sense of well-being it also maintain intact skin i.e. prevention of pressure sours. Bed bathing allows the caregivers to monitor changes in the client’s skin condition. (Staff Nurse, during placement)It was approximately 07:45 Friday morning of mid June, three weeks into my placement. After handover I was given the task of bed bathing a female client. Mrs Jones, what I learned about Mrs Jones in handover was very brief. She was admitted to hospital as she was suffering shortness of breath, she had been suffering from Parkinson’s disease for ten  years, she also had a catheter instituted, she had very little control of the lower half of her body, her right shoulder was dislocated and she was MRSA+. Mrs Jones took part in a trial drug many years ago this was to help her control her Parkinson’s disease coming off the drug became impossible and as a result Mr Jones is reliant on this drug, this drug was referred to as apple morphine on the ward. The basic bed bathing equipment I required was one bath towel, one hand towel, several disposable swipes, clean bed linen, (2 x sheets) laundry bags, (in this case red bags as the client is MRSA+) a slide sheet, small yellow bag for clinical waste, pad and incontinence sheet, bowl of warm water and a set of pyjamas and or gown all provided by the hospital. The client had acquired her own personal toiletries before admission this consisted of a bar of soap, shower gel, talcum powder, perfume, two flannels, (one for the upper part of the torso and the other for the lower half) moisturiser, a comb, dentures pot, tooth brush and tooth past. In addition to this the client required saline solution, disposable wipes, new dressing cut to size and tape and a yellow clinical waste bag for the disposal of old dressings. Myself and Claire the Auxiliary Nurse who I was paired with to work alongside put on our protective disposable gloves and red aprons on after collection the supplies from the linen room. I greeted Mrs Jones and introduced myself and Claire. â€Å"Morning Mrs Jones, how are you this morning?† She replied â€Å"Oh, hello, I could be better† I continued â€Å"my name is Sharon (as this was easier for people to pronounce, after consulting Sister) I’m a student nurse and I’m going to be looking after you today†, â€Å"and I’m Claire, and I’m also going to be looking after you today too†. I continued â€Å"can we help you to get ready for breakfast?† Yes please,† Replied Mrs Jones. Before we began we asked if Mrs Jones if she had any objections to either me or Claire giving her a bed bath, as she looked apprehensive, she replied that this would be fine. We also asked if she had any pain and how her night was, she stated that she was in pain quite a bit but that it was normal for her at this time in the morning. She also stated that her night was awful, as patients in the  next bay kept her awake most of the night. Myself and Claire consulted the staff nurse about Mrs Jones’ pain, the staff nurse spoke to Mrs Jones about her medication and said that it was not due until 8:30 and so we were asked to continue as long as the Mrs Jones was happy for us to do so. Mrs Jones replied if that was the case there was nothing she could do other than for me and Claire to continue. We explained the procedure to Mrs Jones and gain her consent she allowed us to obtain any necessary toiletries from her draws whilst I did this Claire prepared a bowl of warm water. I removed Mrs Jones’s personal belongings from the table and placed them in the draws for safe keeping. I wipe over the table with an alcohol wipe to sanitize the surface and place on there the necessary items we would need to give Mrs Jones a bed bath. We draw the curtains closed to maintain Mrs Jones’s privacy and dignity at all times. Before we began I asked Mrs Jones if she would like to use a bed pan before we continued any further. She informed us that it was probably too late and she felt she had already made a mess. We reassured her that everything was alright and we would help to get her cleaned up as quickly as possible. Mrs Jones apologised a number of time and started to get upset. We again tried to reassure her again and clam her down, we in forced the reason that we were there and that was to help her in any way to see that she is alright. She agreed with us and asked us to continue. We raised the bed to the appropriate height to avoid putting undue strain on our backs, whilst I did this Claire emptied Mr Jones Catheter and placed the bag on the bed. We decided to place a sliding sheet under the client to assist us in rolling the client. I took the liberty of explaining the procedure to Mr Jones as we carried out the task. I asked if it was possible for her to roll on her right side as I was aware the Mrs Jones right shoulder was dislocated, she insisted that this was fine as it had been seen by the doctors and nothing could be done about it and insisted that she had rolled on it sever times before. We assisted Mrs Jones in removing her night gown, we freed her left arm first then her over her head and then gently freeing her right arm avoiding injuring her arm any further, to maintain Mrs Jones dignity we placed a large bath towel over her covering her private  areas. I helped Mrs Jones to bend her left leg and asked her to hold on to the cot side with her lef t hand. I placed my right hand on the left side of Mrs Jones’s waist and my arm across her left leg to provide added support. I placed my left hand on her left upper back. Claire had prepared the slide sheet, clean linen sheet and an incontinence sheet to go under her. On the instruction ready steady (then the manoeuvre intended, in this case it was) roll, we all assisted in rolling. Claire placed one of her hands on Mrs Jones’s back to provide added support and prevent her from rolling back. Claire folded the old linen in to its self, to as far as it would go until it reached Mrs Jones. Claire placed the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and incontinence sheet already folded in preparation under the old linen sheet. On Claire say so we rolled Mrs Jones on to her back, Claire â€Å"we’re rolling you over a slight bump now, ready steady roll†. To roll Mrs Jones on to her other side me and Claire switched roles and this time Mrs Jones was holding on to right side of the cot side but with her left hand. I removed the old linen and placed it inside the red linen bags. I took the liberty of cleaning Mrs Jones with her permission. I used a damp disposable wipe which Clair handed over to me and wiped away from the genital area, I placed the soiled wipe on the soiled incontinence sheet I continued doing this until the are was clean, once this was clean I washed the area with soap and water. I folded the soiled incontinence sheet into its self and disposed of it in the yellow clinical waste bag. I took this opportunity to wash Mr Jones’s back, neck and the backs of her legs with soap and water, I then wash off the soap and dried. I straightened out the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and the incontinence sheet and then Mrs Jones lied on her back. After a few minute, I placed the hand towel over the client’s chest and with her permission began to wash her face at the clients request I used water only on the face. I used separate wipes for each eye to prevent any cross contamination and a separate wipe for the rest of the face and then dried. Whilst I was doing this Claire began to wash Mrs Jones’s hands with soup and water after gaining permission to do so, Claire continued down the arms and rinsed off, whilst I dried the hands and arms Claire continued to wash the client’s chest. Claire removed the dressing from around the tube of the catheter and disposed of it and her gloves in the clinical waste bag, she  then went to wash her hands. When Claire retuned she had a fresh pair of gloves on she began to cleanse the skin from the tube outwards and then dried the area, she decided not to reapply another dressing as she felt it was not required but did tape down the tube to Mrs Jones’s stomach to pre vent it from dislodging. Claire carried on washing and rinsing Mrs Jones (Underarms, stomach, waste, genital area, (working outward to prevent infection) legs and feet) and I dried following Claire as she washed. The water that we used was kept clean at all times, as the used deposable wipes were not re-entered into the bowl. Whilst carrying out the bed bath myself and Claire assessed the Mrs Jones’s skin condition for any sours or broken skin. We applied talc to those areas Mrs Jones requested and then helped her to dress. We put the right arm in the nightgown first as this was her bad arm then subsequently her neck and left arm, there was no need to lower the nightgown much as this was a hospital nightgown with an open lower half, we then placed a linen sheet and blanket over her to keep her warm at Mrs Jones’s request. We raised the head of the bed to a seated position so that Mrs Jones was sitting upright. As I attended to Mrs Jones’s oral hygiene Claire combed Mr Jones hear to her particular style. I then started to tidy and clean the area and Claire began to document and update the care plan. Once I had cleaned and sanitised the table I replace Mrs Jones’s belonging on the table and placed the table close to her so everything she may need was of reach. FeelingsIn reflection to the incident at the time I felt as though everything went fine, but as I have had the opportunity to reflect on my experience in much more depth and detail I in writing this essay I felt as though I took the lead but only because I was given the opportunity to do so. Claire was fairly new to working as an Auxiliary Nurse and was somewhat inexperienced as this was the only ward she had worked on she had more knowledge of the ward setting and the type of conditions people are admitted with on the ward. I was quite confident in assisting in a bed bath of a client as I have worked in providing personal care to all type of client for a good few years now and believe that my experience as a Health Care Assistance helped me immensely. My uncertainty was of the client’s abilities and reactions to what we were actually doing it, that’s when I decided to talk to the client  and guild her through what we were doing. The thoughts in my head at the time were that the client may not have experience the type of bed bath that we were performing and may have not been something she was used to. I felt calm but a little apprehensive due to this but could find the words at the time to ask her if this was the way her carers would normally perform a bed bath. It is important to remain professional at all times and make sure the client didn’t feel too uncomfortable. I remember feeling somewhat responsible for the client as I was looking after her. I believe I acted in the best interest of my client and have acted in such a manner set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I felt that it would have been better for the staff nurse on duty to explain to the client in much more depth, why it was not possible to administer the drugs at the time of the clients request rather than just to say it’s not the right time and the drug round starts at 8:30. Although my client had told me the truth about her dislocated shoulder had been seen by the doctors and that it was safe to manoeuvre on as long as it was comfortable it was my responsibility to seek professional advice because of my uncertainty at the time. If for any reason had this not have been the truth there may have been serious repercussions. I don’t think I would have known what to do if her condition had worsened due to the manoeuvre. â€Å"The steps forward build on the steps backwards or sideways. They are also the steps necessary for self-reflecting† from this statement emphasised by Tschudin (1999) I able to understand that â€Å"confidence in the self† is quite an important quality to be have in order to acknowledge setbacks and mistakes, your should be able to learn from them and even see them as part of the overall picture. EvaluationI have grater knowledge of such issues that can arise if set guideline, policies and procedures are not followed. There are very few bad points that had taken place during this reflective experience. I believe it is important to involve the client in decision making which I failed to illustrate wherever possible this was when we redressed the client after bed bathing without involving the client and allowing the client to choose. We  all have a professional responsibility to provide care to all patients/clients to the highest possible standards of care that will not be compromised by infections standard set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I acknowledged limitations set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct, in that my knowledge and experience of the drugs on the ward was very limited and therefore I acquired help from a qualified member of staff. â€Å"You must behave in a way that upholds the reputation of the professions† outlined by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct this was maintain throughout the whole experience as I never spoke over the client nor did I ignore the client I showed the client up most respect. I was able to build a level of trust with theMy experience of working as a Health Care Assistance for and agency has enabled me to perform better in such conditions. By planning and discussing with the care team during handover and then with the patient about what our intentions are, what we are going to do and why, I was able to identify and minimise risks to the client. Seeing the way in which others behave or make mistakes allowed me to reflect on the point of view of others and to learn form them help me build on my knowledge. AnalysisI chose this experience as it is a procedure that I am quite confident with performing. Thiroux (1995) created his own set of principles of ethics, which can be applied to any situation. 1) The value of life, 2) Goodness or rightness, 3) Justice or fairness, 4) truth telling or honesty and 5) individual freedom. Ethical acts are executed in every day life even if we acknowledge it or not, the way we greet colleagues and clients even in the way in which we say ‘good morning. Tschudin (1999) p175. As a training professional we are accountable for our actions and therefore must be able to backup any decision making with evidence I could see from my  client’s facial expressions that she was uncomfortable and was experiencing some sort of upset, during which in actual fact she was in a fair amount of pain. ConclusionI felt that the approach I took was in the right way and with the right intentions set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. My reflective experience was very basic I felt and did not allow for much discussion, although a lot of the experience was preparation, planning and assessing which prevented the experience to go bad in anyway. I feel that as I am a first year nursing student I am very limited in what I can do and because of this little opportunity is given to me to experience other than what I have preformed as a Health Care Assistant. I felt that myself and the Auxiliary Nurse worked well together and were able to share the responsibility equally. Overall I found reflection on my experience interesting as it allowed me to look at legal, ethical and professional issues surrounding nursing practice. Action PlanIf a situation like this was to arise again I think I would like to try to take out more time to talk to the client about how they are feeling, at time I felt like I was prying too much as I felt like I was doing most of the talking. I also feel that it is important for me to work along side more experienced members of staff or qualified member of staff to be able to learn more whilst on my placements. Although I experienced in providing personal care to client I am not too familiar with ward setting. I do not think I have learnt an awful lot on the practical side of my experience but by reflecting on my experience in this assignment has allowed me to understand professional, legal and ethical issues of providing care and the dilemmas surrounding health care professionals. In the future I would not always go on the clients say so and seek professional advice and not just take the patient word. Bibliography Bartter. K, (2001) Ethical Issues in Advanced Nursing Practice. London: Reed Elsevier Plc GroupBurnard. P, Chapman. C, (2004) Professional  and Ethical Issues in Nursing. 3rd Edition. London: Elsevier LimitedGlasper. A, Grandis. S, Jackson. P, and Long. G, (2003) Foundation Studies for Nurses: using Enquiry Based Learning. New York: Palgrave MacmillamThe NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. Standards 07-04. London: Nursing Midwifery CouncilTschudin. V, (1999) Nurses Matter: Reclaiming Our Professional Identity. London:Macmillan

Journal on “Beneath the Shadows of the Freeway”

The main point of the author in the poem, Beneath the Shadows of the Freeway, is that a woman, even if she’s married to a man, should still be able to support herself and not be solely dependent on her husband. In addition, the author pointed out in the poem that as a woman grows old she should learn basic skills in life that would allow her to survive. To illustrate her points in the poem, the author used two characters, grandma, who is an independent woman, and her granddaughter, who is a woman still learning how to become independent.In other words, the grandmother represents the past as she is experienced and does not rely on anyone else to survive while her granddaughter represents the future as she is still learning to be self-supporting. In the poem, the author portrayed how grandma lived her life after she left her husband who almost tried to kill her. The grandmother was depicted as a woman with various skills such as planting geranium and, as stated in the poem, bein g able to â€Å"trust what she builds with her own hands.† In addition, the author also showed the granddaughter’s admiration for her grandmother and her survival skills. This was shown in the last lines of the poem wherein the granddaughter said that someday she too will be able to learn how to plant geraniums and build things with her own hands. In short, the granddaughter believed that she must acquire the skills of her grandmother so that she won’t be solely dependent on her man and would learn to stand up on her own two feet.The author was very convincing in emphasizing her points throughout the poem as she used situations that are happening in the real world. She used the grandmother as a symbol of an independent woman who young girls should emulate, which is shown in the granddaughter’s desire to become like her grandma when she grows old. I basically agree with the author that a woman should learn how to be independent even if she is married as th is will greatly help her in situations wherein her husband is not present.

TEFL study guide

Once you're facing 20 eager dents who've parted with their hard-earned cash hoping that you can change their lives, it's a little late for regrets. Get some training or do your own research but never walk Into a classroom completely unprepared. A little training is better than none at all. Being an unqualified teacher Most language schools belong to professional bodies, which set criteria for teaching staff so that there's a level of quality control. This means that usually you can't find paid work in an English-speaking country without a willingness teaching qualification.However, there are exceptions to this If the school runs Its own training aerogramme for would-be teachers. Charitable and state-run organizations with volunteer programmed sometimes welcome people willing to share their knowledge with others and you get some teaching experience in return. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 33 If a school trains staff to use its own teaching methods, you've a bet ter chance of finding work with them without a teaching qualification. Big chains like Calla and Burlier employ staff in this way, depending on the location.On the other hand, If you're traveling to a part of the world where there are few native English speakers In accidence, but the locals have some disposable income, you're more likely to be viewed as a great catch by schools and individual students looking for a tutor, despite your lack of qualifications and experience. Being a native speaker can be your USPS (unique selling point), but try not to be complacent. Many FEEL teachers have no training whatsoever but still manage to find work and develop their skills while In the Job.If you won't be relying on an Income from taster course is probably all you need. Various organizations offer weekend and short courses in TOEFL that give you a taste of what is involved in the Job and help you ecocide whether teaching is for you on a long-term basis. In the I-J, for example, Burlier (who m. Burlier. Com) won't employ a teacher who doesn't have a degree and teaching certificate. However, if you apply to one of their schools abroad, you may have the chance to prove yourself on their unpaid training course which lasts one to two weeks.Unfortunately, employers don't view all native speakers as equal. ELK, Australian and other accents from economically strong nations are viewed as high status and are more sought after. Students tend to mimic the pronunciation of their teachers and any have distinct preferences about the accent they want to acquire. Countries that use English as Just one of their national languages often bring influences from the other language (or languages) into the pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of their particular variety of English.Some students find Asian and African varieties of English, for example, less desirable than those of the single-language nations. Whatever your accent, practice speaking clearly and accurately. When you start approa ching schools, project a professional attitude, a sense of humor and an interest in meeting and helping people. Once you find work, you need more than a great accent to get through the lessons. If a choice of work comes your way, teaching conversation lessons is your best bet for easing yourself into TOEFL.Teaching conversation is a little easier because you can concentrate on teaching less technical areas like fluency, vocabulary and pronunciation and avoid tricky grammar questions until you build up your experience. It's inadvisable to advertise yourself as merely a teacher of conversation lessons though, as this can limit your 34 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFL chances of finding work and you may find yourself feeling pigeonholed even after eve expanded your skills. It pays to brush up on your own grammar anyway and take an interest in how the English language works. Look at Chapter 15 for info on grammar. ) Think about when and why you say the things you do. Getting initiated I f you intend to teach for more than a few months, make a reasonable living at TOEFL, and give your students value for money, you really should invest in a TOEFL certificate course of 100 hours or more. Teachers at this level are officially called TOEFL initiated. Most FEEL teachers remain at this level as this is what the majority of employers squire from Job applicants. Before enrolling on a certificate course, consider who you want to teach and where.Each country has its own standards and preferences, so failing to meet the criteria for visa applications and the standards set by local employers hampers your chances of finding work. The I-J TOEFL market is a prime example. The two strands of English course providers are the private sector and the public sector: Private sector: The more established private language schools tend to be accredited by the British Council who expect FEEL teachers to be graduates (in any lied) and to hold the CELT (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) or qualifications.Other qualifications are technically acceptable but school managers have to Jump through hoops to convince inspectors that their teachers are worthy if they don't meet the British Council's standard for FEEL teaching qualifications or if their qualifications are not so well known. As a result they usually avoid hiring anyone who doesn't fit the profile or may cause them extra work. Public sector: On the other hand, in the public sector, schools and colleges have to meet ever changing government standards.So these days, all new teachers have to take a ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector' qualification. Unfortunately, one certificate alone won't easily grant you entry into both sectors. The point being that, if you know where, who and how you want to teach, you can do your research and select the right course. Look at TOEFL Job ads specific to the country you intend to work in and even call or email a few employers to find what exact ly they are looking for. If you need a work permit before you can work as a teacher in your chosen destination, check whether you qualify for one.If not, you may have to put in bit Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 35 more planning, otherwise you'll find yourself dependent on dodgy operators who run courses with poor facilities and ridiculously low pay. Find out too if the schools there have a strong preference for one qualification over another. Becoming a qualified teacher A fully qualified FEEL teacher is someone who has a diploma in TOEFL and has at least two years' full-time experience in teaching FEEL. The best-known diplomas are the Cambridge DELTA (Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults) and Trinity Dippiest (Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers ofOther Languages). You may also have a master's degree in LET or a similar field (such as Applied Linguistics) in addition to teaching experience. These qualifications are for people who want to make p rogress in their career and apply for managerial positions such as Director of Studies. You need a qualification like this if you're interested in training roles too. The good news is that all these positions attract higher pay and even if you're teaching the same courses as your less qualified colleagues, you're likely to have a better hourly rate than them.Diploma and master's-level courses are not for the faint hearted. You need to get thorough experience in TOEFL before considering a qualification at this level. Getting on Course After you decide that some form of training is in order, you need to find the right course. Doing a training course abroad may be cheaper than doing one at home. Entering introductory courses Various organizations offer weekend courses of about 20 hours that introduce you to TOEFL. Courses aren't accredited by any of the best-known bodies, so word of mouth is an important indicator of quality.Even though the certificate may have an accreditation stamp, it may be from an organization most employers haven't heard of. So it's worth finding out about the tutors' qualifications and experience and of what the course consists before parting with your cash. In most cases, courses have a minimum age requirement of 17 or 18. To be honest, you need to have an A-level standard education or similar to get your head around it all, but more importantly, you should have the confidence to manage people, which is something teenagers may struggle with unless they restrict themselves to teaching small children.There's no upper age limit, but once again, the pace is rather hectic on these courses. Be honest with yourself as you need to be the kind of person who can absorb knowledge quickly and put it into practice to get the most benefit out of these TOEFL weekend programmed. Trainees sometimes underestimate what is required of them and end up a little discouraged. So be warned. Weekend courses are fast and furious! If you're not a native speaker, you usually need to show that you've achieved an advanced level of English by passing an exam such as LILTS (International English Language Testing System) with a minimum band score of 7.However, even if you're a dative speaker, your grammar should be of a reasonably high standard or else you can find yourself doubting your English and losing the confidence of your students. You should know that your English is correct even if you cannot explain why yet. What you can do with this certificate A certificate from a weekend course tells employers that you're responsible enough to undergo basic training before applying for a Job. It doesn't mean that you're now a qualified FEEL teacher, regardless of what the advertisement says.In fact, after a training weekend, you're likely to feel a lot more enthusiastic and aware of what the job entails. You won't feel ready to go anywhere and teach anyone but at least you know a bit more about how to put a lesson together and the kind of the informatio n students need. View the course as a taster and tell employers that you're keen to develop your skills on the Job. What the course covers A weekend TOEFL course follows similar lines as a full TOEFL certificate because it touches on most of the same course components but in a very brief way.A weekend course should include: Basic grammar: There's far too much grammar in the English language to teach everything in such a short time, but the course should make you aware of different menses (you may think that there's a past, present and future tense and that's it, but believe me, the truth is a little more complicated). You usually touch on the different kinds of words you use in a sentence too – nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 37 Classroom techniques and activities: Very often the tutor treats you as though you're a foreign student and shows you how to handle warm-up activities and pair or group work in the classroom. Lesson planning: You should learn one of the different formats for planning a Essen so that you know in which order to do things and how to make your lessons fun and effective. An opportunity to practice teaching: You teach a mini lesson or part of a lesson to volunteer students or to your fellow trainees.The maximum class size should be about 20; a tutor can't effectively teach more than How much it costs A weekend course should be a lot cheaper (about 25 per cent of the cost) of a full certificate in a school, but don't forget to factor in the cost of accommodation and travel too. In the I-J courses cost approximately IEEE for 20 hours training. I- to- I (www. I-to-I. Mom) has been offering weekend TOEFL courses in the I-J, USA, Ireland, Canada and Australia for several years. Signing up for a certificate course TOEFL certificate courses come in a variety of packages these days.You can do intensive or part-time courses or complete a distance course online or by post. You have to b e at least 18 years old to do a TOEFL certificate in most cases, which is practical as you'll be managing people in your classroom. There's no upper age limit. Course providers generally prefer to take students with degrees or a good standard of education (good enough to go to university). Don't despair if you don't have any aroma qualifications though. It's worth speaking to the school or college in person. If it's satisfied that you have a good head on your shoulders and a respectable level of English, it may well accept you.Applicants with teaching experience are also favored. Most schools ask you to take a test to prove how good your English is, so inform the school beforehand if you have a learning difficulty that affects your writing. If you're a nonnative speaker, schools expect you to have an exam pass at advanced level in English as well. 38 part l: Getting started in TOEFL Intensive TOEFL courses last four or five weeks. Don't try to keep up your part-time Job or even your favorite TV show because every waking moment is filled with lesson plans and projects. However, this type of course is a great way to Jump in and get started.If that sounds a bit too much for you, plenty of courses are spread over three months or even a year, enabling you to attend sessions in the evenings and at weekends, so you can fit it in around your Job. In any case, you need over 100 hours of tuition, plus feedback and homework time to gain your certificate. With a bachelor or master's degree in any field and an FEEL teaching certificate you're eligible to apply for the majority of vacancies. To be honest, many university graduates have no idea what to do in a classroom so some employers bypass your level of education if you've managed to prove yourself and passed a certificate course.What the course covers The overall aim of certificate courses is to provide initial training for people who want to teach English to speakers of other languages and to make sure that they meet the criteria for teaching by demonstrating English usage accurately, by giving well balanced lessons and by evaluating their lessons. Objectives for the course usually include familiarizing trainees with all those areas that go into English language teaching – methodology, classroom procedures, techniques and aids, language awareness and testing.You have the opportunity to teach and to find out how to To help trainees learn about the main pronunciation, vocabulary and structural features of current English. To raise awareness of the learning needs of individuals or groups of learners and of the motivation they have in a variety of circumstances and environments. To make sure that trainees can work cooperatively as members of a teaching team or group. / To help trainees develop the ability to create and maintain the learners' interest and establish rapport.Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 39 To make sure that trainees can plan lessons with clear and achiev able aims using methods appropriate to the learners' levels of achievement and age. To give trainees basic classroom management skills and the ability to provide relevant activities. To make sure that trainees are able to use and adapt published teaching material and create their own basic teaching material. To highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of various language teaching approaches. To ensure that trainees can continue their development in TOEFL after completing the course.Before you start, the course provider sends you an FEEL reading list and often asks you to complete a work book that provides an introduction to three important areas of the course. One is the unknown language section, the second is a grammar section and the third section is about how to teach. Some courses include lessons in a foreign language so that you understand how the students in your class feel. Through these lessons you can gain the dual perspective of both a teacher and a student and expe rience various teaching techniques.You produce a project based on these lessons near the end of the course. Teaching practice is an essential part of the course so expect real live students to volunteer to take part in your lesson. You also have the opportunity to see various other experienced teachers at work and your tutor gives you continual advice, feedback and support. Courses with a learner profile project give you the opportunity to get to know one FEEL student a bit better and analyses their language skills in depth. For the project, you usually conduct an interview with the student and record it.In addition you set them a written task so that you can write about their strengths and weaknesses and discuss ways in which you would help them through FEEL lessons. You may teach one lesson with the student in which you address one of that student's weak points. A materials project is designed to help you use and adapt basic materials, such as a photograph, in the classroom. You'r e asked to show how to use the same set of materials with students of different levels and abilities. At the end of the course there's often a test on grammar and phonology (pronunciation). 40 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFLSpeak to local schools and colleges about their teacher training programmed. CELT and Trinity Creosotes are the most widely accepted certificates for the private sector check whether your university runs TOEFL courses in the summer. The average cost of the CELT and the Trinity Creosotes is II,OHO. You may need to consider accommodation and travel costs too if no course provider exists where you live. Keeping your distance Distance learning courses never share the same high profile as taught courses because they don't let you experience teaching practice, but they have their own advantages.Many people find it easier to fit the course into their normal lives by studying in this way. You can go at your own pace – and distance courses are a lot cheaper. On th e other hand, you may never meet a student until you're teaching a class yourself and your tutor can only offer feedback on your written work not your actual performance. So distance learning has a few disadvantages too. Many people who already have a suitable teaching qualification, such as a PACE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education), but have no experience in FEEL choose to take a distance course because the certificate itself is not as important for them.The skills to do with presentation, classroom management and lesson planning are transferable, so with this kind of course it's easier for the teacher to choose which areas to spend more time on. Overseas employers appreciate the fact that you've taken the trouble to study and get yourself a certificate, and this tends to carry more weight than the actual certificate itself. This is because the organizations offering distance courses aren't as well known as CELT or Trinity, which provide taught courses. This area of the market has far less quality control than taught courses.However, the College of Teachers is one body which accredits distance TESTS (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) courses as does ACTED, which is specifically for distance courses in TESTS. Courses accredited by these bodies offer a reasonable standard of professionalism and someone to talk to if the course or course provider falls seriously below your expectations. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 41 Most distance certificate courses run along the same lines as taught courses (see information in the preceding ‘Signing up for a certificate course').

Control of the Distribution of Goods from the Colonies Essay

Control of the Distribution of Goods from the Colonies - Essay Example Enumerated goods are goods not available naturally in England, which included wood, tobacco, sugar, dyes, hemp, furs, coffee, silk, and other native items from conquered lands. While items like coffee and sugar were luxuries, other items like wood were necessities. If England controlled the enumerated good of wood, construction on British projects was advanced. The more ships built meant a greater navy. A greater navy would not only conquer more colonies but could be used against other European countries. Enumerated goods helped England fortify their position as a leader. Â  England controlled the distribution of enumerated goods in order to provide for the British. The enumerated goods of coffee, sugar, cocoa, silk, and furs helped boost the economy. Shipbuilders and crews would give the government a tax or percentage of each cargo. The crews would receive salaries. Then the backer of the expedition would receive money for the rest of the cargo. The merchants that bought the items would sell them to the public making a profit. The consumer would receive these luxuries. The England and the British colonies were benefiting from these goods economically as well as politically. Â  Finally, the control of enumerated goods encouraged English shipbuilding. The wood used to build ships was harvested from native lands. The more wood that England controlled, the more ships could be built. Ships were the key to exploration, colony formation, and the importation of enumerated goods. A greater number of English ships meant more exploration, colony formation, and importing of enumerated goods could be achieved. Â  Domestic shipbuilding also took pressure off of the Crown. If rich individuals were building ships, the Crown benefited. Without any expense of their own, the Crown would tax cargo and shipments. They were receiving money without any cost.

Tourism Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tourism Management - Essay Example Most of the developing countries promote tourism considering the perspective of economic development. However, tourism must be seen in a broader context of development as it has the potential to impact the socio economic aspects, and environmental aspects on the destination tourist regions (Batta 2000). There is presence of cumulative relationship between the development of tourism, the environment and the socio-economic environment. For tourism to contribute to the sustainable development, it must be ecologically and environmentally sensitive, economically viable and culturally appropriate (Reisinger and Dimanche 2009). There are both positive and negative impacts of tourism on socio-cultural and environmental aspects. It is essential to manage these impacts by encouraging positive ones and doing away with negative ones through appropriate planning and strategies. Sustainable development is possible through necessary management of tourism. Environmental impact of tourism In context of tourism industry, the environment performs three vital functions. Firstly, it is the supplier of natural goods, for example, mountains, beautiful landscape, and so on. It forms the core of the tourism product. Secondly, it is the provider of natural resources that is used for creation of economic goods. Thirdly, the environment has the sink function in which the desirable by-products which are generated during the process of both the production and consumption are discarded (Terkenli et al 2007). The quality of tourism depends on the quality of the environment. There are both positive and negative impacts of tourism on the environment as environment constitutes a very essential part of the overall tourism industry. Positive impact of tourism on environment The growth and development of tourist destinations encourages the conservation of flora and fauna. For instance, savannah parks of eastern Uganda have rich flora and fauna that are preserved and protected in order to attract la rge number of tourists in the region. It also leads to preservation of attractive landscapes and the infrastructure of tourism utilizes the lands that has remained as waste and idle until tourist activities were started (Richards and Hall 2000). With the blooming tourism activities, there is better infrastructure with availability of resources and maintenance of the heritage characteristics of the park due to working of three factors. Firstly, tourists are attracted through projection of the tourist place as the place having some scenic beauty, historical monuments and natural parks. This projection results in an increased allocation of required resources from the government for their maintenance and related publicity activities. Secondly, visiting tourists are required to pay for seeing these monuments and natural parks, etc. which also adds to the resource pool for maintenance and further growth of the region. Thirdly, due to the combined effect of increased expenditure of governm ent on building infrastructure facilities and publicity, and increasing number of arrivals of tourists, the private investment also starts emerging (Richards and Hal

Cost and value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cost and value - Essay Example t project, a joint venture between an NGO and the private sector, presents an excellent example of how long-term benefits can be achieved by enhancing the overall value to all stakeholders. This paper analyzes the cost and value management processes in this project. Cost and value are both important concepts that need to be considered and controlled in any project, taking an integrated view. (Venkataraman & Pinto, 2008, pp.2-3) In order understand why this is so, and to appreciate the relationship between the two, it is necessary to first recount certain basic principles. Cost Management, at the project level, is concerned with cost estimation, budgeting and cost control at the implementation phase, and the revenue streams resulting from the pricing policy and volumes, the cost of capital, and the input costs at the post implementation phase. Value management is concerned with the maximization of the value created by the project within the constraints of cost, time and other resources. On an ongoing basis, the appraisal of projects on the basis of value crated should consider the direct and indirect returns flowing form the project that create value. The aim of value management is to ensure that the total value accruing to all stakeholders is maximized. It should be remembered that the concept of value will differ from one stakeholder to the other. Cost and value management need to be integrated in order to obtain optimum results. We can define value as the benefits accruing to various stakeholders. According to Venkataraman & Pinto (2008), value is â€Å"meeting or exceeding the expectations of project stakeholders.† In financial management, value addition is the difference between the net revenue generated and the cost of capital. Although financial management perspective is traditionally limited to that of the shareholder, current thinking in strategic management favours the inclusion of perspectives other than that of the financial returns alone. From this

Body shop case study, part 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Body shop case study, part 2 - Assignment Example Brand management is the result of strategic marketing. From pricing a product to pensioning that product in the targeted consumer mind are parts of strategic brand management. Customers’ feedback will be interpreted and analyzed in this paper with based on academic concept of brand management. A mind will be developed of Body Shop with respect to the feedback of the comments of interviewee customers about their experience on the products of Body Shop. Competitive analysis is another important area of brand management. Therefore, position of Body Shop brand in the customers’ mind will be evaluated by comparing the competitors positioning. Possibility and viability of brand extension will be analyzed based on the gap of customers’ satisfaction regarding the company’s products and their satisfaction. Finally, marketing momentum of this brand will be analyzed in Australian market of beauty products. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Data collection and analysis 5 Findings 6 Mind map analysis 8 Competitive market position 9 Brand extension 10 Marketing momentum in Australia 11 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Introduction Body Shop is an international beauty products brand. Name of the company is The Body Shop International plc which is a US based multinational company established in 1976. The company has successfully grown from its first shop in Brington, England to 2400 stores in 61 countries. Effective brand management is one of the key reasons of its success. Both the market diversification along with product development strategies have been adopted by the company result a rapid growth in the European market and after that successful business in the international market. Recently, the company has been acquired by L’Oreal group and it has become a subsidiary of L’Oreal. The company sells more than 1200 products in domestic as well different foreign market across the world. There are different strategies and factors behind this s uccessful creation of international brand. The company has been ethically following its core business values which cumulatively influenced its brand image. One of the important values of the company related to its brand management is that the company is dedicated to manufacture its wide range of products from the natural resources and least usage of chemicals. This is one o9f the key strength of the company which has become its competency over years. Customer acceptance and trust on the product of this company is positive result of brand management (The Body Shop, 2012). This study will deal with detailed analysis of some customers’ feedback about the products offered by the company. This will help to assess the position of the brand in competitive global market of beauty products. Customers’ buyers’ power is very high due to higher availability of beauty products in many domestic as well as international brands. So, brand extension is most important for this bu siness that all companies keep continuous focus. Therefore, interviewing the customers will help to find out the requirement of brand extension of this company. Finally, recommendation for effective strategic brand management for its marketing momentum in Australian market will be provided based on the analysis and the demand and trend of customers’ preference about beauty products. Data collection and analysis There are different modes and processes of data collection i.e. collection of customers valuable feedback regarding products

UAE's need to have Preparedness and Response Plan for Chemical Essay

UAE's need to have Preparedness and Response Plan for Chemical Terrorism Attacks - Essay Example An individual or state is liable to face criminal charges if found guilty of trying to use toxic substances for malicious gains. Furthermore, the fight against biochemical terrorism has been boosted especially through continued support of the United Nations Organization. Despite the fact that detecting such attacks has proven to be a hard nut to crack, nations cannot just sit back and watch thinking that everything is usual. Prevention is better than cure and so there is a need to categorically shun away from this inhuman act. It is only by coming up with adequate measures in the health sector and the intelligence service too. These are basically substances that are commonly used during military operations to kill or cause adverse injuries due to their physiological effects. Chemical effects range from nerve to blister and chocking effects. Nerve agents are very toxic warfare agents. They came to the existence during World War II. Some of these agents include GA-tabun, GB-sarin GD-soman, GF-cyclosarinand the VX-methylphosphonothoic acid. â€Å"G† agents are non-persistent unlike the â€Å"V† agents which are persistent (Hamid & Antu, 2006). Most of the â€Å"G† agents are blended with other substances to increase their effects hence causing the total amount of the toxic substance concentration into the skin by a bigger percentage. At room temperature, it is believed that the GB is highly volatile as GA though to a lesser extent. However, VX is a non-volatile liquid and; therefore, it is not that harmful as compared to other agents. Nerve agents are colorless and mobile liquids while o thers are characterized with a faint fruity like smell (Falkenrath et al., 1998). Victims who inhale GB and VX die after 15 minutes of absorption. Despite GA being less toxic as compared to GB and VX, its low concentration is more irritating to the eyes; its symptoms are often observed in the skin dosage rather than

Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Learning Styles - Essay Example I consider myself as a very critical thinker and talented problem solver and as such, I can build on this to improve my training skills since I will be able to think and train objectively. I approve the message in the ASTD video in regard to the fact that employee training is a vital part of business and enterprise growth; furthermore, training inspires innovation which is critical in today’s competitive business world. I am more of a reflective learner although at times my learning style is often influenced by prevailing circumstances, I believe identifying ones learning technique/s is imperative in helping them improve their self-perception as leaners and trainers and boost their chances of success in both. Student one intends to acquire the necessary knowledge to enable her develop training skills as well as improve communication skills in day to day life. She has considerable background knowledge and experience training and she supports the message in the ASTD video. She believes that employee training is a vital part of business growth and considers herself to be a reflective learner. Student two is interested in learning about the technical aspects of the training in areas like design and developments. He is experienced in using technological tools to facilitate training and has also taken part in face to face technical training session. Moreover, he believes he has developed a knack for deconstructing and explaining complex concepts as a result of working in an industry that allows him to combing his technological and communication

Naked Maoists before a Naked Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Naked Maoists before a Naked Wall - Essay Example The people in the picture "Naked Maoists before a naked wall" give us a sense of this same type of protesting. Naked, backs turned, and entwined with one another, we can imply they are standing against their enemies with their backs turned to the hate. The child at the end looks unsure of how to face and not knowing why they are doing it, faces toward the alleged enemy. Innocence of a child not knowing why they should be afraid or hate, it is a learned behavior for them. Showing the strength of their backs shows courage to withstand anything. The back being one of the strongest parts of the body compared to the legs. Their legs are crossed with the person next to them similar to a cross-stitch pattern of sewing. The power of the stitch comes from crossing over one another to make the item hold without straining or weakening. With their crossing of body parts, they're one solid unit, they will be strong when others cannot and hold the other up when it feels it may fall. The arms are also entwined and fingers spread against the wall. In yoga, the position of downward dog, the strength of the position comes from the hands with fingers spread to distribute the weight. Distributing the pain and the suffering of one another eliminates it from being a burden to just one. Strength in numbers has come to mind frequently while viewing this photo. Heads hung down can be read it two different ways. One may be in defeat, where they have been beaten by an oppressor. The other would be shame; they are ashamed of their current situation in their country, the world, and the way the events have been handled. One thing that may not have been what the Kommune members wanted to say is stated with both men and women being in this photo. Together naked and exposed, similar in pose and realize that what is done to one is equally felt by the other. Each is part of the whole society, part of the whole generation, and part of hopefully the solution instead of the problem. There is a delicate balance of hate and love, war and freedom, male and female, and right and wrong. Here we see that one needs the other in order to be and cannot stand alone. Another thing not thought of by the Kommune members, is both men and women standing in the same pose, naked, look similar. There is no individual expression in this photo; they are all posed the same. In Maoist China, all people were the same; men, women, children, all working for Mao and for their country. No individuality. The politics of the day, and even into today's society, is one of control and dissent. Certain powers liked to control and fight and bring war into countries, and others thought of better ways to solve problems. All of us take sides based on what we believe to be right. The Kommune members could have believed they were standing up for their beliefs by showing their dislike of the current political events. We don't know this, and may never, but we can see that it was a bold statement for the time. The Kommune members chose this pose for a reason, chose it to stand for something, and to make a point. As stated above, we may never know what the exact thoughts were of each individual, but we can interpret it to be a stand against something they felt was wrong, striping each person of their individuality, and baring their humanity in front of the world. Whatever the reason

Hightlight the similarities and differences in conducting selection, Essay

Hightlight the similarities and differences in conducting selection, performance appraisal, and disciplinary interviews - Essay Example opment, organization development, performance appraisal, employee rewards, employee selection and recruitment, man power handling and communication across the organization. Human resources also handle issues such as employee grievances, employee motivation, career counseling etc. Here, we are concerned with special areas of human resources i.e. employee selection, performance evaluation of employees and also any disciplinary problems that the employees might be involved in.1 Selection is a process of screening applicants after the applicants have been called in for a job; the selection process is based on the job description and the nature of the job. The hiring manager first need to define a detailed description of the job and then HR profiling should be done in the process to see whether the candidate fits the job. Then further, selection tools such as interviewing, role playing techniques etc are used to judge the individual’s suitability with the job. The process is required to judge the applicants on the claims that they write in their resumes. The screening process begins with preparing and publication of the advertisement for the applicants, or the due diligence for any references that might be available for potential candidate. The important point is to make authorized and reliable approaches. Then as applications are received they are screened and applicants are short listed for the step by step screening process.2 Today, as business strategies are being linked to the overall organization human resources also become a part of the strategic management process where employees at all level of organization participate in to formulate strategy and thus it becomes easy to implement without any fear of resistance from the employees. Thus today for organizations manual dexterity is far less important and knowledge, decision making skills, analytical abilities are the important criterion to select the employees. Especially since the selection of the wrong

Hobbes vs Rousseau Essay Example for Free

Hobbes vs Rousseau Essay In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Age of Enlightenment was an important cultural movement of intellectuals in Europe. Philosophers of the time interpreted many theories and concepts about man and inequality in civilization and also ideas about government and the ways in which society could be controlled. Many believed that humans were naturally good, while others believed that humans were inherently bad. The argument of nature has lasted throughout time without a definitive answer, but with centuries of philosophical arguments to aid in the understanding of our own human nature. Two important philosophers of this time period were Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Both philosophers wrote about their ideas of human nature and the state of nature, also addressing equality within the state and the role government and civilization plays in man’s actions. While Hobbes had a very cynical view of man, believing man to be brutal and violent working only towards self-interest, Rousseau had a more positive view; depicting man as essentially good and compassionate, believing that only through society and civilization does man become corrupt. Although both philosophers’ arguments are well developed and supported, Rousseau’s understanding of the natural man and the state of nature is stronger than Hobbes’ opposing views. Rousseau’s positive view of human nature illustrates man as living in harmony with nature while Hobbes’ pessimistic view portrays man acting only for self-interest. Rousseau views the mankind as inherently good, capable of feeling compassion and pity for others around him as well as self-love. The condition of this natural man is a man without any forms of civilization, including clothes and language. Man is able to live individually, peacefully and in harmony when he is in this state of inh erent goodness. However, through civilization man becomes â€Å"wicked.† Oppression and dominance develop through the evolution of civilization, also creating inequality among men, destroying the harmony in which they lived. When man is able to satisfy his own needs, he is able to live peacefully (Rousseau 161). Through evolution of society, man is weakened and begins to depend on others to sustain his life, creating oppression and causing man to lose his natural goodness. Hobbes disagrees with Rousseau’s positive view of the nature of man, believing that men are instinctively violent and evil, acting only out of self-interest or for self-gain. He believes men are constantly in competition to become superior in worth or honor, creating continual jealousy and violence among each other. Hobbes believes that men are so brutal and wicked they are unable to survive as individuals but need a strong, central authority to force peace and cooperation among men. Hobbes states, â€Å"Without the terror of some power to cause them to be observed, are contrary to our natural passions, that carry us to partiality, pride, revenge and the like,† (Hobbes 106). Hobbes believes that in order to control man’s instinctive evil, they need to fear the law. Hobbes admits that inequality is a product of creating this commonwealth, but, unlike Rousseau’s idea of inequality in society, Hobbes says men are ignorant to the inequality, believing that the covenants create equal terms of law among men. This false sense of equality is able to control the violence and competition among men, allowing them to coexist more peacefully. So while Rousseau credits civilization to the destruction of peace and goodness, Hobbes does not believe man has any inherent goodness and thinks civilization is the only way to avoid war. Although Hobbes and Rousseau agree that in a state of nature men are equal, they have opposing views of what man is like in this state. A state of nature is a term used to describe a state lacking a form of government or laws. Rousseau believes in the state of nature, man lives individually in harmony with nature. Rousseau addresses this natural man as a â€Å"savage man,† stating that their actions are determined by their needs and these needs are met without the help of others. In this nature, men are peaceful and good. Men also have a natural sense of pity and compassion in this state (Rousseau 163). Because man lives solitarily, there is no one to dominate or control and thus no competition for power. Rousseau believes that this peace is sustained by the ability of the savage man to feel compassion, which allows them to govern the peace of their nature. However, this peace is diminished as inequality becomes prevalent through the progression of society. As property and family units evolved, man began to change his lifestyle and skills and talents developed (Rousseau 164). Families weakened man and woman in mind and body, causing them to rely on others to successfully fulfill their needs. This was the crucial part in development of oppression and domination, because inequality occurs when man becomes dependent on others to survive. Rousseau states, â€Å"But the moment one man needed the help of another; as soon as it was found to be useful for one to have provisions for two, equality disappeared, property appeared,† (Rousseau 167). The relationship between slave-master or worker-owner develop when men requires the help of another. Inequality creates oppression and domination, which, according to Rousseau, destroy man’s inherent goodness. Hobbes’ view of human nature contrasts Rousseau’s dramatically, seeing as Hobbes believed man to be naturally wicked and only through government systems are men able to live peacefully. Hobbes compares man to a machine, constantly in motion and always seeking something (3). He believes human nature is to act for their own self-interest, which causes men to be in constant competition for honor or worth, creating a state of war. Because Hobbes believes that men are constantly in a state of war, he believes that men are always trying to increase their power to be superior to others. He believes that in the state of nature where man is not governed by central authority, men are constantly in competition. Jealousy and competition among men make it impossible for men to live peacefully in a state of nature, creating the need for a strong, central authority to govern over the peace of man. Contrary to Rousseau, Hobbes believes that government is a way for people to â€Å"get themselves out of that miserable condition of war,† by governing peace that men are incapable of alone (Hobbes 106). Hobbes believes that through strong government, men are forced to coexist peacefully, because covenant creates a false sense of equality among men. Hobbes believes that men are incapable of surviving individually, unlike Rousseau who believes that men are better made to live individually. Their differing views of inherent behavior create contrasting conceptions of the state of nature. Based on their arguments of the nature of mankind, Rousseau’s explanation of man is more complete and logical than Hobbes’. In Rousseau’s view of nature, man is essentially good, able to survive on his own and able to peacefully coexist. This view of man could be considered naà ¯ve by some, but it must be considered that this man is also the â€Å"savage man,† a man before any form of civilization. Rousseau explains that a man is inherently good in a state of nature because he has no desire for power, but does feel pity. Rousseau goes into an in depth description of the development of inequality among men, describing oppression and domination developing and the ways in which these factors destroyed man’s intrinsic goodness. Man was unable to live individually in the new state of society, which destroyed their natural goodness. Being unable to live individually, they were forced to rely on others, which created domination and inequality, which leads to competition for power and corruption. The inequality also led to the diminishment of pity and compassion, which was crucial to man’s ability to peacefully coexist. Rousseau’s thorough time-line of man’s condition created a stronger and more agreeable argument than Hobbes’ pessimistic view of man.

Customer Relationship Management At Dell

Customer Relationship Management At Dell Introduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM), as defined by Anderson and Narus, is the bundling of customer strategy and processes, supported by relevant software, for the purpose of improving customer loyalty and, eventually, corporate profitability. Consultants Rigby, Reichheld and Schefter have mentioned the imperatives of CRM as acquiring the right customer, crafting the right value proposition, instituting the best processes, motivating employees, and learning to retain customers. This can be substantiated by studying the particular case of Dell, which has used internet and other direct media to develop an efficient model of CRM. This report will bring out the details of CRM process followed by Dell, and how it has helped in sustaining loyal customers and build customer satisfaction. About Dell Dell is a leading technology company which offers a broad range of product categories, including mobility products, desktop PCs, software and peripherals, servers and networking, services, and storage. As per a Gartner research report based on second quarter PC shipments in 2009, it is the number one supplier (26.0% market share in US) of computer systems in the United States and the number two supplier worldwide (13.6% global market share). The mission statement for Dell is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience. Since Dell is a global wide company, its direct approach is relevant across product lines, regions and customer segments.  [1]   Dell is organized geographically into the Americas, Asia-Pacific and Japan, and Europe. The corporate headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas, near Austin. In the mid-1990s, the company decided that in order to manage a company that was growing at 50% a year, it needed to decentralize decision making rather than try to control everything from the U.S. Therefore, each of the regions has its own regional headquarters (Japan has a separate headquarters), its own manufacturing facilities, and its own IT infrastructure. Ongoing Customer Relationship Management at DELL Monitoring, Evaluating and Reassigning Accounts Dells business activities are organized in each region around different customer segments. These generally include (1) relationship (large corporate) customers, (2) home and small business (sometimes called transaction customers), and (3) public sector (government and educational) customers. This segmentation is evident in Dells product mix, which has different product lines for each segment, in its marketing strategies, which vary by business segments, and in its e-commerce and Internet strategies. For instance, services such as Premier.Dell.com extranets are geared toward large relationship customers, while a more limited set of online services is offered to home and small business customers on Dell.com. For large enterprise customers, Dell maintains a field sales force all over the world. There are dedicated account teams, including field-based system engineers and consultants, which form long-term relationships to create a single source of assistance for their largest customers, develop custom solutions for them and get important customer feedback. There are several programs to provide single points of contact and accountability with global account specialists, special global pricing and consistent global service and support programs. There are separate sales and marketing programs aimed at federal, state and local government agencies, and specific healthcare and educational customers. For small and medium businesses and consumers, marketing is done primarily by advertising on television and the Internet, print media and mailing a wide range of direct marketing publications such as promotional materials, catalogs and customer newsletters. Relationship and public sector customers account for about 54% of Dells revenues overall. All these accounts are initially serviced by field-based sales representatives along with a support team of telephone service reps dedicated to these accounts. Small businesses and consumers are served by several thousand phone reps who can look up historical sales records to help the customers in ordering systems that match their prior purchase pattern. Figure 1: Dells four customer aligned business units  [2]   Dells CRM Applications The Internet and e-commerce are fundamental to Dells business, as expected from a company that defines itself as an Internet infrastructure company. The e-commerce has been adopted into the core of the business in three ways: 1) in its relationships with end customers, (2) in coordinating its value web, and (3) in communicating its market message to emphasize its ability to provide e-commerce solutions to its customers. As per Anderson and Narus, some of the emerging applications of CRM, (that we can also observe in Dell) are in: Customer acquisition, retention and growth Synchronizing marketing efforts Updating delivered value Customer Acquisition, Retention and Growth Dell has involved the Internet in all aspects of customer relationships, ranging from customer acquisition, retention and growth to marketing. The internet is used in supporting existing channels such as the direct sales force and call centers by providing them with real time information and automating their routine tasks. It has also developed self-service tools for customers, using which they can order online, track order status or solve a technical problem through the Internet or an extranet. Acquisition Dell sells its own products at the dell.com website. On the homepage, customers in the U.S. are segmented into home and home office, medium and large organizations, Internet providers, health care businesses, federal government, state and local government, and education. Each customer segment has a different mix of products and services available. Customers can choose and price different configurations with Dells online configurator. Once they are ready to buy, their order is sent to a shopping cart. They can also choose various addons such as software, peripherals, digital cameras, PDAs, etc. on the Gigabuys or DellWare sites and add those to the same shopping cart. Once an order is entered, the customer receives an order number that can be used to track order status until it is delivered. Premier Pages are customized for every customer and they include capabilities for procurement, asset management, software upgrading, and even technical support. Large relationship customers can have Premier Pages customized even further to link to their own internal procurement systems, allowing their orders to be sent directly from the customers office information systems to Dells order management system. Dells account teams work with such customers to set up Premier Pages, setting access levels and registering user names and passwords for employees, and customizing the information and the kind of services that will be available. Dell also provides a few tools for customers to create their own pages. The various services available through Premier Pages include: _ Purchase history reports: The complete history of a customers purchases from Dell, including PO number, order number, date, SKUs, quantity, shipment dates. _ Standard configurations: To make a customers PC administration processes simpler (installation, upgrades, help desk, technical support), the customer can specify a definite set of configurations for different employees. These are made available for ordering on the customers Premier Pages at the price negotiated between Dell and the customer. _ Paperless online purchase orders: Dell and the customers sign a legal agreement that allows the customer to place orders without mailing or faxing a signed purchase order. This lets the entire ordering process, from configuration to payment, to be done online, saving time for the customer. _ ImageWatch: A roadmap of future product release plans made available to large enterprise customers to help them plan their own IT strategies. Dell relaunched its Premier Pages as DellPremier.com in September 2000 in the U.S with a new look and better navigation tools. Retention and Growth Service and support are normally quite an expensive and labor-intensive activity for PC companies, which need to provide technical support for complicated systems with a wide range of hardware and software configurations. Dell has an advantage here because most of its business is with large organizations that have their own MIS departments and technical help desks to support users. Home and small business support is usually provided directly to the end user, and costs more per PC to provide. Online support was originally developed by the Support Technology Online (STO) team, which grew up in the HSB (home and small business) segment as support.dell.com. In late 1999, Dell created separate STO groups for relationship and transaction customers, each part of those groups service organizations. Dell offers several service tools online. These are available online to home and small business customers at support.dell.com, and to relationship customers on the DellPremier.com extranet: _ Order status tracking Once an order is placed by the customers, they can track it until it is delivered. _ Resolution Assistant A software which is pre-loaded on a Dell PC that gathers information and sends it to a Dell technician when the customer faces a problem. The information is matched against an automated knowledge base. Whenever possible, a MAP, an executable module that automates resolution, is sent to the PC and the fix is done automatically. Resolution Assistant reduces the length of service calls and improves accuracy in diagnosis. _ Dell Knowledge Base A Dell database including product information, frequently asked questions, third party knowledge and other relevant documents specific to a particular Dell product. _ Ask Dudley A natural language searchable database of technical information which uses a customized version of the Ask-Jeeves search engine. _ File Library Downloadable drivers, utilities and other updates for Dell PC systems. _ Dell Software Tips -A library of hints and tips for operating systems and office applications. _ Pro-active services Pro-active notification services on warranty status, system age related information, file drivers, and the order status. _ Dell Talk-a monitored community forum for Dell customers to share information. Dell has built a community where its customers and loyalists can help each other with technical problems and questions. Dell doesnt censor the discussion on the forum, but monitors it regularly to ensure accuracy. If any user gives out incorrect information, Dell intervenes with the correct information. The users of this service are almost equally divided between relationship and transaction customers. With the launch of Dell Premier Support.dell.com in September 2000, Dell renamed its Help Tech service as Premier Support for relationship customers. Technical Support for corporate and public sector clients is handled by the Relationship Support Technology Online (STO) group. The primary customers for the Relationship STO are those individuals that support the end users belonging to corporate and public sector. This includes the personnel from help desks, MIS departments, IT professionals and technicians. Dells relationship customers have access to all of the online tools available to HSB customers, and also have customized applications relevant to their account for multiple systems and platforms. Unlike individual users, help desks and MIS organizations must deal with many systems, and with specific problems that arise from networking and client-server environments. For some large accounts, Dell itself may act as the help desk function for Dell equipment, as Dells technicians and o nline offerings have rich experience in troubleshooting and diagnosing system issues. Recently in February 2008, Dell launched its ProSupport portfolio of services. In this new framework, customers are able to self-identify the type of customer they are end users of IT professionals. Once the customers have self-identified, they are able to choose the features they need in the support package, thus customizing the support experience to their specific needs. The customer profile and history is very important in providing service and support. If the user enters a customer number or system identification number, he or she can get a personal support site that has the machine configuration and the history of what has happened with that machine since it was bought. The support strategy is based on what Dell calls virtual integration- getting customers closer to the knowledge, and inside out/outside in-giving the internal technicians the same set of tools and knowledge content as the outside customer. Dell gives customers a choice of venues for support, including phone and online support. They like people to use the web, but dont force them to. The breakdown of help incidents for HSB customers as of mid-2000 was as follows: _ 37% of incidents use the web alone for support _ 13% use both web and phone _ About 50% use the phone alone Dell finds that people who buy a PC online are more likely to get service and support there, while people who buy by phone will use phone service. Synchronizing Marketing Efforts The sales and marketing efforts of Dell are organized around the evolving needs of its customers. Its direct business model provides direct communication with its customers allowing it to refine its products and marketing programs for specific customer groups. Customers may offer suggestions for current and future Dell products, services, and operations on an interactive portion of its website called Dell IdeaStorm. This constant flow of communication allows Dell to rapidly gauge customer satisfaction and target new or existing products. For instance, Dell used a concept called free-range marketing  [3]  : allowing the community to drive the excitement and story about the new product, to create a buzz in social media using blogs, forums, communities etc. for the launch of their Inspiron 910 in September 2008. Updating Customer Value Dell interacts with more than 3 million customers every day, so it made sense for it to create a community to capture feedback from both customers and its 80,000 employees. Dell launched IdeaStorm, an interactive portal, to let customers share ideas that influence product development, services, and operations. Within the first week, IdeaStorm had collected more than 500 ideas; within the first month, it had 2,500 ideas.  [4]  Customer feedback on IdeaStorm led the company to build select consumer notebooks and desktops preinstalled with the Linux platform. Dell also decided to continue offering Windows XP as a preinstalled operating system option in response to customer requests. Dell also launched EmployeeStorm, a secure community employees can use to post ideas regardless of their position within the company. In the first 2 weeks, the company gathered more than 700 ideas. EmployeeStorm breaks down the silos typical in corporate life and increases collaboration Sustaining Customers through Connected Relationships Value Chain Dells core value chain for its PC business is different from that of a traditional value chain. Like others, it concentrated on building and selling PC systems, relying on others to supply components, software and services. However, it sold directly to the end user, cutting out the distributor and reseller. (Figures 2 and 3) Suppliers PC Maker Distributors Retailers, Resellers, Integrators Final Customer Figure 2: Indirect PC Value Chain Suppliers Dell Final Customer Figure 3: Dells Direct PC Value Chain However, with the expansion of Dell beyond selling simple PCs, its simple value chain has evolved into a new model that we call the value web or the virtual corporation. Value Web Figure 4: Dells Value Web: A virtual company There are three key aspects of the value web model of Dell: Dells central role in coordination and control of the value network, which is a result of its direct relationship with its end user. Being in direct touch with the customer requirements, Dell controls the flow of information to its business partners who provide the actual service. As shown in Figure 4, all the information flows are channeled through Dell. The close physical integration of Dell with its business partners and suppliers. The suppliers are normally located close to the plant and their personnel are located on the plant floor ordering material from their warehouse, based on information on Dells extranet. Such integration of material and information flow reduces inventory costs and creates an efficient supply chain, ultimately benefiting the end customer in the form of lower prices. The importance of internet and other electronic communications in allowing Dell to coordinate the web of close relationships through a constant flow of information between Dell and its partners. For example, if a customers hard drive crashes, the information travels from Dell technical support into Dells internal service and support systems. A new hard drive is ordered and dispatched to a Dell service provider, which sends a service engineer to install the drive. The information about the drive that crashed enters Dells databases and is conveyed to the supplier and plant that provided it for corrective actions. Customer Satisfaction For well-designed e-commerce services, the cost savings are not necessarily thought to go along with customer satisfaction. However, Dell has demonstrated that not only does it save money by selling directly on Internet, but also satisfies its customers better than any other sales model. Many business customers of Dell see Premier.Dell.com as a valuable management tool, helping their purchasing and IT departments to control purchasing decisions and enforce technology standards. Some customers (like Boeing) have integrated the Dell.Premier.com with their own ERP systems to allow online purchasing, making the ordering process much easier and more efficient for them. Not just purchasing, but also financial and IT departments of the customers benefit from Dells ability to provide a history of their purchases from Dell. All such benefits lead to better satisfaction among Dels core customer group of large business enterprises. While it is difficult to relate customer loyalty and repeat sales directly to the Internet and ecommerce, there is strong evidence that the Dell Premier.com services are a factor in helping Dell gain repeat business and achieve sole supplier status with some large customers. Some of this is from the convenience provided by Premier services and some from customer lock-in created by the electronic linkage of business processes between Dell and its customers. In a 2007 survey, Forrester  [5]  asked 565 PC decision-makers at North American and European enterprises about their satisfaction with their primary PC supplier on various parameters. The performance of Dell and its main competitors on these parameters is shown below: Dell HP Lenovo Overall Product features 44% 38% 46% 43% Product quality 51% 49% 59% 52% Price 43% 38% 33% 40% Product support 46% 31% 46% 43% Business relationship 37% 27% 45% 37% Repeat purchase of desktops 86% 74% 71% -NA- Repeat purchase of laptops 89% 75% 75% -NA- From the table, it is quite evident that Dell leads the industry on Price and Product support. It is rated on par with Lenovo on Product features and Product quality, however, it lags behind Lenovo on the key parameter of business relationship. The survey found that the most likely reason for this is a lack of communication, combined with rotating account representatives. Another reason was the absence of a product roadmap which would help the customer managers to prepare their corporate IT environment for the next few years. However, Dell scores very highly on a critical indicator of customer satisfaction i.e. a repeat purchase. The enterprise buyers gave big thumbs up to Dell on this front, with 86% ready to repeat purchase of desktops and 89% for laptops. CONCLUSIONS Dell has performed admirably on its efforts towards ongoing Customer Relationship Management. It has developed efficient systems and processes for customer acquisition, retention and growth, using online tools such as Premier.Dell.com, ProSupport and IdeaStorm. Therefore, many of the concepts discussed by Anderson and Narus in Business Market Management are substantially demonstrated in the case study of Dells CRM process. There are many lessons learned from Dells experience. These lessons can be transferred to other companies in the industry. Ensure better customer service is offered. Dell has become an industry leader in service and reliability. Dell has used CRM to its advantage. This has instilled trust into their customers. By custom-building a computer that the customer desires, this has created a very strong relationship with the customers. Implement technology in a phased fashion Dell tested key tasks in each of its regions prior to deployment. It set-up mock environments to develop, test, and support the i2 systems in patches without disrupting the live version. Dell was able to bring on one piece of the i2 system at a time. As one part became more efficient, then Dell added other components in stages. Dell ensured that each stage of the process performed well and allowed for future growth before rolling out the entire system. This minimized the risk, while at the same time increasing efficiency. Extend the connection from the customer to the supplier Dell was able to extend its build-to-order model from suppliers to the customer while continuing to maximize operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Customers were able to save money while being able to purchase a customized machine because Dell passed on the savings, which resulted from efficient inventory management, no excess inventory or inventory shortages. It was able to share, in real-time, information with suppliers about customer demands and buying patterns.

Business Plan for Restaurant in India

Business Plan for Restaurant in India THAKURS HAVELI is the name of my restaurant which is located at sector-34 in Chandigarh. This is a single unit, large size restaurant that serve or provide a healthy contemporary style food. . The location will be on 34 sec just outside the Chandigarh University and very close to a dense population of the target market. Location which is selected is first on rental basis. After that there is agreement of lease. After when the lease is signed there will be the 3 year of free rent for construction and in that particular course of time start up fund must be raised. After that work is complete Havel restaurant can open and then project can begin. Basically, restaurant infrastructure is a four-storey `building. The ground floor is a fast food junction where you will find Chinese, South-Indian, and American fast food, the first floor is for having lunch and dinner where you can seat with your family and enjoy wide variety of food, the second floor is for Beverages where you will find soft drinks, ice-creams and chocolates with the enjoyment of some games for kids and young ones and the third floor is for people who would like to have hard drinks such as whisky, rum, beer etc. Here you will find food of about 65 countries, new games to play and whiskies at it best. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As the name of our business is self explanatory that we are one of the best in the business of restaurant not only in Chandigarh but also in India. We have cook of world class that means we select cook from one of the best institution of hotel management so that our customers do not get upset after coming to our restaurant. Here, we provide food of about 65 nations i.e. nearly 1000 dishes either vegetarian or non-vegetarian and as we said earlier we having a bar at the top floor having all types of whiskies, rums, beer etc. COMPANY OWNERSHIP The owner of the company is Ujjwal Galleria, who will handle day-to-day operations of the plan and will work to ensure that this business venture is a success. He will be started this restaurant in 2011, at that time it consists of only single floor but in only 5years he will be grown his restaurant in such a way that able to compete with Indias one of the best restaurants. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of ours is to satisfy customers by our products and services. Therefore we offer a range of packages and services specifically tailored to the needs of each customer. KEYS TO SUCCESS Service our clients needs promptly and efficiently. Maintain excellent working relationships with our staffs such as Managers, Cook and other staffs. Maintain a professional image at all times. CURRENT SITUATION Now days, people are a bit foodies and want to try new and food of other nations too. This is reason why the restaurants becoming so popular in India. Another reason is that people of especially metropolitan cities have a very busy life especially the bachelors who are living away from their home and doing job on cites prefers to eat in restaurants than in their home. This is because they have very busy schedule and they got exhausted after doing job from morning to evening, thus prefers to eat in the restaurants. This scenario is also very common in families as most the family members are busy in their scheduled work in week days and as they got time they used to go to in restaurants to have dinner for a break. Due to this there were many restaurants are being opened in the cities and as a result of which there is so much competition among the restaurants. But despite all such competitions our Thakur Restaurant is able to lead this market in Chandigarh. The all credit is given to Mr. Ujjwal Guleria who made all this possible. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Several new and innovative technique of cooking is a part of the factor responsible for the growth of restaurants in India. Since the government of India has a policy of liberalization of India today is also a base on the market. According to the survey of the growth of restaurant industry in India is about 5.5%. Many people are also engaged in catering. According to recent survey that was created at the end of 2012, total restaurant in all parts of the world will offer employment to 34.7million people. The fact is the growth of the hospitality industry in India will directly lead to more fast food, because in todays world, young people prefer fast food, not just a fact that the growth of the restaurant is increasing every day. International restaurant opens branches in different parts of the city through the concept of free market and the process of liberization, creating foreign investment. Future of the restaurant is very bright in India. With an increase in the growth in demand from the industry also increased. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Our restaurant is a single unit, medium size and multiple restaurants that serve or provide a healthy contemporary style food. The restaurant will be located at 34 sec in Chandigarh. Our Mission I give my first preference toward to goal of the firm. I tried my best to achieve this goal. Development and Status This restaurant (Ujjwal Restaurant) was incorporated in October 2005. Mr. Ujjwal Galleria is the first responsibility is to the financial well being of the restaurant. The high level of understanding, attitude and self respect between our staff member and to the customer. The location is only 34 seconds outside Chandigarh University and near large populations of the target market. Location was chosen for the first time on rental basis. Then there is a lease. Once, when the lease is signed there will be three years free rent for the building and in particular, that over time you start the fund should be increased. After it is completed, Thakur restaurant can be opened and then the project can begin. Future Plan If my business is successfully meeting its projection with in 2 year .then after that I would like to created or start for a second location and start making a plan for next unit. Our 7 year goal is to have 5 restaurants in different part of India having a profit of between 10000000 to 20000000. OPERATIONAL AND PRODUCTION PLANS The following operational and production strategies that taken in the Thakur Restaurants. They are: Facilities and Offices This type of plan, I would say for equipment and office, where it is located. The restaurant covers 10,000 square meters, which is around in 34sec Punjab University Chandigarh. New equipment was used and the dining room has been decorated to attract customers. Employee Training and Education In this plan I never make any compromises. Training of all employees should be required. Employees are trained not only work, but also whole concept. There is a cook who wanted to give all the detailed information and also informed of the latest information in fording the industry. Food Production Food production is also an important point in production plan. I will make most food on the premises basis. Kitchen will be very clean and totally furnished. High standard equipment would be used. System Control In this a large amount of money spent in research the quality and integrity of our food. A person is hire who do all this type of research related to quality of food. All this food cost and stock are controlled by the management which is totally computerized basis. PRODUCTION PLAN The following are the Production plan of our restaurant. They are: Our restaurant will offer a large variety of food (Indian, Italian, and Spanish). It also includes a medium scale coffee shop inside it and having a bar at the top floor. Restaurant is divided into three parts Want open a fast food for those who want to eat fast food can sit in this section. Want open for meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) those who want to eat this kind of food can sit in this section only. Want open coffee shop and bar or just a room for discussion where people sit and talk with his friend or any one without disturbing other. MARKETING PLAN Our marketing plan is to establish a well-regarded brand name linked to a meaningful positioning. We will have to invest heavily in market to create a distinctive brand image projecting innovation, quality and value. We also measure awareness and response so we can adjust our market efforts if required. Market Need While preparing a market plan we should know the market need. That which type of market we want or need. There are two type of market need that ant to fill. They are: First one is that to make a market that produce good quality food, having cleanliness environment, with a cheap or low rate. Second one it that to take very few time for preparing the order. In modern life we face many problems in the restaurant. The first is that the food is fat and the other is that they take too much time preparing. So keep all this in view I would like a market offering good quality food in less time allows. I would like to add a coffee shop inside the restaurant to open. This is used for all but especially for those who just want coffee after dinner or lunch. Demographics This is used to tell that our business marketing plan focus on the following category: Student = this include the student of schools and different university situated near by age is from 18 to 20. Town worker = this include the worker or person working in a firm. Thus is the largest group. Age is from 35 to 55 Tourist = this is the person who just come with their family for enjoying. This makes good market for us. Age is from 40 to 69. Advertising After that I would like to spend on advertising. As this is only the medium by which we can make our sale or increase sale. If my business running significantly over our sale then it is not require to spent huge amount of fund in advertising. HUMAN RESOURCE PLAN Ujjwal Restaurant is a unique Human Resources Management restaurant that enables the process of acquiring talent, aligning them with organizations goals and leading the transformation, to help your organization take that leap in performance. From automating routine tasks, to generating strategic reports, to giving access to employee related information through self-service, Ujjwal Restaurant does it all. Our key Modules include Performance Management, Training Development, and recruitment, HR Workgroup and Report/Analytics, Payroll, Self-Service. As far human resources plan concerns it is just about how you manages your employees, thus, the management of employees in our business is as follows: In our restaurant, there are nearly 200 employees, including lower to higher level. As we have one Head Manager who manages all the employees in the restaurant so his salary is a bit higher than the any other employee. We have head in each of the branch of the restaurant such as in cooking department, fast food department, and beverage and games department and bar department. We select employees such as cook, managers, bar server etc. who are passed out from good institution and have at least 2 to 3 years of work experience. ASSESSMENT OF RISK The purpose of risk assessment is to identify hazards that could cause harm to the risks that may result from these dangers and take appropriate measures to eliminate or control risks. Significant findings of the risk assessment should be recorded if five or more persons. Risk assessment of cumulative event distribution and can be made when information was received from the contractor, other companies and freelancers working on the site. It will also need to see the site or sites of specific identified risks to visit. The followings are the main risks in the business if the restaurants: There are many competitors in north region such as McDonald, prà ªt fast food, residency, virtual this are the competitor in northern region. McDonald is the one the best competitor for our business. It is having a more than 6 franchisee in the northern region. They spend huge amount on advertising. They take the help of all medium such as radio, television, news paper. They also offering some discount after you make the bill of 400. The reason of risk is fluctuation in the share market. FINANCIAL PLAN Financial planning is a process of formulating objectives, evaluation of assets and resources, assessment of future financial needs and plan to revise the monetary targets. Many elements may be involved in financial planning including investments, asset allocation and risk management. Taxes, insurance and real estate are usually included. There is some important point which I kept in mind while making a financial plan. They are as follows: Growth rate will be moderate, and in smooth running. Sale would like to increase at a flow of 6% per year. 3. Company like to invest in financial plan and not in the. Company (expect it be necessary) Cost of good. Marketing Fees Marketing fees is generally for purchasing the material for production and convert them into finished product. This is also important one we should reserve some amount of fund for purchasing of raw material. Fixed and Variable Expense This fixed and variable expense is also required in our financial plan. As this expense is only determine by when we survey many restaurant after that we taking actual number from this restaurant which we survey. As by this we can know our fixed and variable expense.